Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Also, learn more about Noyes. Yet, the highwayman rides againin the folklore. The ultimate sacrifice has been made. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. These include, but are not limited to, alliteration, metaphor, and enjambment. Notable works include'The Highwayman'and'In the Cool of the Evening.'. She is braiding her hair and she comes out to see him. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. - Definition, Structure & Examples. When the wind is in the trees and the environment is in the right state, as it was at the beginning of the poem. Set in the England of King George III, the poem tells the story of a highwayman, or robber, who has fallen in love with Bess, an innkeeper's beautiful daughter. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. She would not strive again, the third line says. The first verses talk about what happened when Bess and the highwayman were alive. Pauses in a line, where the reader stops momentarily, usually through punctuation. The womans suicide was committed to warn the highwayman, while the highwaymans suicide was an attempt to join his love in death. As with metaphors, they are a form of figurative language. They are reunited in death and continue the habits and practices of their lives. This means that he has some robbing that he plans on accomplishing that night, and then hell be back with the sunrise. Given, Philip Lombard. succeed. These lines describe how after the events of the poem that the ghosts of the two lovers still reappear around the inn. "Now, keep good watch!" Although it's unclear as to whether he actually betrays the ill-fated lovers or not, he does overhear them in the dark, so the reader is led to believe that he is the one who gives away their secret. She struggles, but she does get free. Is the highwayman based on a. 6 0 obj Bess is prepared to put into action her plan. The poet's use of repetition draws the reader's attention to the key areas of the story, creating a pacing rhythm that appears to mimic the highwayman galloping down the road to visit his love, Bess. The stable man named Tim, the ostler hears their conversation and since he is also in love with Bess tells the soldiers that . The fourth stanza introduces the third character into the poem, Tim the ostler. Then finally she hears the sound of hooves on the road and wonders why the soldiers don't respond to this. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. The "Highwayman" uses literary devices such as repetition, imagery, and rhyming to advance the story and contribute to the plot in a meaningful way to the reader. The tension is building in these lines as the poem reaches its climax. They resemble a gypsys ribbon of red coming across the moor. Alliteration - the repetition of consonant sounds, usually at . This lesson mentions suicide. endstream International Migration Trends & Causes | What is International Migration? They do not talk to the landlord and only drink his ale. He rides into the inn in the middle of the night to tell her that hes going robbing and will come back the next day no matter what. The last line describes him riding off to the west in order to accomplish what he needs to. The poem begins as Noyes establishes the scene with dark and ominous words and phrases such as ''torrent of darkness,'' ''gusty trees,'' and ''cloudy seas.'' He asks her to wait for him by the moonlight, and she lets down her hair and kisses it. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. The highwayman does not come this early; instead, some Red Coats or British officers come, having been tipped off by Tim. The meter is a little more complicated. << /Linearized 1 /L 85112 /H [ 722 143 ] /O 8 /E 71904 /N 2 /T 84822 >> A Scandal in Bohemia by Arthur Conan Doyle: Plot Summary, A Retrieved Reformation by O. Henry | Summary, Themes & Analysis, The Soldier by Rupert Brooke | Summary, Poem & Analysis, Two Friends by Guy de Maupassant | Summary & Analysis, A Scandal in Bohemia by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle | Themes, Characters & Analysis, The Nightingale and the Rose by Oscar Wilde | Overview & Summary, The Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred, Lord Tennyson | Summary & Analysis, Figurative Language in O Captain! Noyes was a critic of Modernism, with its experimentation with poetic form and content. Back, he spurred like a madman, shrieking a curse to the sky,With the white road smoking behind him and his rapier brandished high.Blood red were his spurs in the golden noon; wine-red was his velvet coat;When they shot him down on the highway,Down like a dog on the highway,And he lay in his blood on the highway, with a bunch of lace at his throat. He listened, eavesdropping, on what the two talk about. The word moonlight is used three lines in this stanza, emphasizes light but also darkness. From this darkness emerges the highwayman carrying a pistol and a rapier or sword. The repetition of the words galleon, breeches, cobbles, and cascade emphasizes the dreary setting. The sixth line is a hexameter, with three iambs and an anapaest. To warn him that the men were after him, Bess killed herself. When two or more words have similar sounding vowels close together in a line. Courage is another theme in this poem, primarily shown through the woman's character. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Enjambment forces a reader down to the next line, and the next, quickly. This is the action of a very desperate person. literary devices are tools that enable the writers to present their ideas, emotions, and feelings by using persuasive language. The Highwayman. The woman is caught in this web of violence, and the only way she knows how to save the highwayman is to cause violence to herself and end her own life. Since its publication, it has been continuously popular with the public. She decides to shoot herself in the breast in order to warnhimwith her death. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Had they heard it? But before sunset we are told that a red-coat troop are on the move, marching across the purple moor to the inn. There are many, and they all point to different emotions. The wind is a torrent of darkness, alluding to the movements of a river or other powerful, moving body of water. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. It highlights the role that the landlord plays in the love between Bess and the highwayman. The Poetry of Alfred Noyes., Alfred Noyes Papers: An inventory of his papers at Syracuse University. He comes all the way up to the inn. Poem Solutions Limited International House, 24 Holborn Viaduct,London, EC1A 2BN, United Kingdom. They have tied a musket to her breast, a horrible thing to do, which suggests that they intend her death, one way or the other. Tell me the sort of mood it sets, what it makes you feel, and why it does that. Another important technique commonly used in poetry is enjambment. This second line, again of fifteen syllables, is basically similar to the first, the mid-section slightly less flowing because of an iamb replacing an anapaest. It helps to create a specific atmosphere for these events to play out in. Gothic Romanticism informs the poem's vivid descriptions of nature, its suspenseful foreshadowing, and its themes of love and death. Many dismiss his work as retrograde and sentimental, but others argue there will always be a place for rhyming lyric and rhythmic ballad in poetry, especially since children seem to be attracted to a suspenseful story set to familiar beat and simple syllabic pattern. Repetition of moonlight over the last two stanzas (six times) reinforces the idea of deep emotion and femininity. In the second line he compares the moon to a ghostly galleon that appears like a galleon, or large ship, thats being tossed upon the clouds. Also, this poem effectively uses a number of imagery and sound devices to tell the story. She doesn't have to struggle with the knots any longer; she stays quiet so the soldiers can't hear. Remember, repetition is meant to draw your attention. She twisted her hands behind her; but all the knots held good!She writhed her hands till her fingers were wet with sweat or blood!They stretched and strained in the darkness, and the hours crawled by like yearsTill, now, on the stroke of midnight,Cold, on the stroke of midnight,The tip of one finger touched it! xc```KFP f3DX. The Emperor of Ice Cream by Wallace Stevens | Overview, Summary & Analysis, Chicago by Carl Sandburg | Poem Analysis & Summary. This doesn't bode well for the lovers. By Alfred Noyes Part One I The wind was a torrent of darkness among the gusty trees, The moon was a ghostly galleon tossed upon cloudy seas, The road was a ribbon of moonlight, over the purple moor, And the highwayman came riding- Riding-riding- The highwayman came riding, up to the old inn-door. The Highwayman is a poem about a young highway man in love with the innkeeper's daughter, Bess. III.They had tied her up to attention, with many a sniggering jest.They had bound a musket beside her, with the muzzle beneath her breast! He is shining with importance. The moon floated through the sky as the stars twinkles and the moon illuminated the road. Two red-coats, with muskets (rifles) keep watch. Every single person that visits Poem Analysis has helped contribute, so thank you for your support. This is his last act, riding into glory and a certain death at the hands of the soldiers. The red coats looked to their priming! For example: Stanza 5 (II) :She strove no more for the rest. One has to move forward in order to comfortably resolve a phrase or sentence. Why not use the comment box below to send me your own example from the poem? The sestets follow a simple rhyme scheme of AABCCB, changing end sounds from stanza to stanza as the poet saw fit. If this is the case, then hes going to wait until night to come and see her again. The soldiers must know that when her lover returns she will be able to see him approaching along the road. Again, repetition, this time highlighting his weaponry (manhood). He falls in love with a girl named Bess. Indeed, their only reason for being there is to kill the highwayman. It is one of his most famous works. This love knot is symbolic of her faithfulness. 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He did not come at noon;And out of the tawny sunset, before the rise of the moon,When the road was a gypsys ribbon, looping the purple moor,A red-coat troop came marchingMarchingmarchingKing Georges men came marching, up to the old inn-door. This is quite a sensual scene. II.He'd a French cocked-hat on his forehead, a bunch of lace at his chin,A coat of the claret velvet, and breeches of brown doe-skin.They fitted with never a wrinkle. This poem is all about the affection of the highwayman over Bess, the daughter of an innkeeper. The landlord's black-eyed daughter, Had watched for her love in the moonlight, and died in the darkness there. In the fourth stanza, the narrator describes how Bess tries to twist her hands out of the ropes. She's to look out for his return. All of these are demonstrated through poetic devices and motifs common to gothic romantic poetry. The highwayman goes back to the inn the next day after hearing what happened to Bess. He was in Bagshot Health living in a cottage at the time. She moves as quietly as possible, trying to keep the men from hearing her. They are pleased with themselves and cruel taunt the young woman. She twisted her hands behind her; but all the knots held good! He doesnt know what it was, but the narrator does and the scene is a gruesome one. Her situation is painted as dire with the words, ''She writhed her hands till her fingers were wet with sweat or blood!''. - Definition, Structure & Examples. Gothic Romanticism influences the poem's treatment of nature. The wind was a torrent of darkness. The sixth stanza describes his actions once more. In her mind, she replays the highwaymans words asking her to wait for him by the moonlight. He turned. The highway man seeks his kiss but can't reach up. He knocks on the window of an inn with his whip, and a young woman appears who is braiding her hair into a love knot. On hearing the shot, he turns around, and he rides away. The repetition of the words riding, twinkle, daughter, or moonlight reinforces the highwayman's priorities. He scarce could reach her hand,But she loosened her hair in the casement. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. He is in love with her. There is no mention of a commanding officer being present to instil discipline. Bess and her unnamed highwayman are faithful to each other, but betrayed by a third party. He goes Down like a dog on the highway. love and betrayal, sacrifice and innocence. The Highwayman is a narrative poem written by Alfred Noyes and published in 1906.It tells the fictional story of a highwayman and is set in 17th Century England. For example, landlord, lipped, and love in the last lines of stanza three of part I. Back, he spurred like a madman, shrieking a curse to the sky. ALLITERATION Over the Cobbles he CLattered and CLashed in the dark inn-yard, ALLITERATION He whistled a tune to the window, and who should be waiting there METAPHOR The wind was a torrent of darkness METAPHOR His actions and life are clearly romanticized by the poet. His ghost returns on wintry nights, bound for the same inn-door. The question becomes what impact this tool has on the mood of "The Highwayman", and how it makes you feel. This is just one example of the powerful imagery that Noyes makes use of throughout this poem. Were they deaf that they did not hear?Down the ribbon of moonlight, over the brow of the hill,The highwayman came riding-Riding-riding-The red coats looked to their priming! endobj They drank his ale instead.But they gagged his daughter, and bound her, to the foot of her narrow bed.Two of them knelt at her casement, with muskets at their side!There was death at every window;And hell at one dark window;For Bess could see, through her casement, the road thathewould ride. This shows courage because once she knows she can warn her lover by taking her own life, she no longer tries to save her own. Noyes makes use of alliteration in the first line of the third stanza in order to mimic the sound of the highwaymans movements over the cobblestones. The Highwayman is a poem written by Alfred Noyes in 1913. 'The Highwayman,' a narrative poem by Alfred Noyes, exhibits many characteristics of the Romantic style. The vivid figurative language and strong narrative of 'The Highwayman' are typical of Noyes' style. Were they deaf that they did not hear?Down the ribbon of moonlight, over the brow of the hill,The highwayman came ridingRidingridingThe red coats looked to their priming! The first, alliteration, occurs when words are used in succession, or at least appear close together, and begin with the same sound. )Then he tugged at his rein in the moonlight, and galloped away to the west. In this poem, this is mainly present in the description of the sound the horse makes. Not for him the free verse of the modernists, which he hated, he much preferred keeping rhyme and rhythm and simplicity to the fore. These two live for and die for one another. It tells of the love of the highwayman, the inn-keepers daughter, and her faithfulness. 5 0 obj 'The Highwayman' is a lyrical ballad of 17 stanzas with a rhyming narrative, swift-moving rhythms and full romantic imagery. There is again an emphasis on the word riding. She lets down her hair and he blushes at the scent of her. This isn't the only example of repetition in the poem. In the sixth stanza, there is the sound of horsehoofs ringing clear. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Theyre coming up the path, from the distance, just as Bess and the soldiers predicted. These are the king's men, George III's soldiers. When one thing becomes something else, enhancing the whole. Some experienced readers enjoy the ride, some may think it monotonous. Literary devices such as similes and metaphors are used in "The Highwayman" to establish an ominous mood.The first stanza relies heavily on the use of metaphors. Still, it is unclear what Bess is trying to do. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Hed a French cocked-hat on his forehead, a bunch of lace at his chin,A coat of the claret velvet, and breeches of brown doe-skin.They fitted with never a wrinkle. 'The Highwayman' is also known as one of the famous lyrical poems on account of its themes of love and sacrifice. Repetition is very evident in this poem, not just in the 4th and 5th line of every stanza but also at the end. My Captain! As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 It reminds the reader that what happens at the end of the poem is different from what happens in the beginning. His relationship with Bess, a landlord's black-eyed daughter, is one of pure romanticism. . He spurred to the west; he did not know who stood. He is riding / Ridingriding. All rights reserved. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The action focuses on the lives and deaths of the two main characters, a highwayman, or robber, and his lover, the daughter of the landlord, Bess. These works often contain large, ominous houses and dangerous characters. Onomatopoeia. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. He also wears skin-tight trousers and thigh-high boots! Below are a couple of similes used in the poem: Repetition is used frequently throughout this poem. IV.And dark in the dark old inn-yard a stable-wicket creakedWhere Tim the ostler listened. A metaphor is a comparison that does not use the words like or as. For example: When one thing is compared to another, often using the words as or like. The speaker notices that rather than the highwayman come up the road he sees a red-coat troop marching. An error occurred trying to load this video. He wants to be back before the morning light, that is, he'd prefer to meet up with her before dawnif he's not hassled by the authorities. I.The wind was a torrent of darkness among the gusty trees.The moon was a ghostly galleon tossed upon cloudy seas.The road was a ribbon of moonlight over the purple moor,And the highwayman came riding-Riding-riding-The highwayman came riding, up to the old inn-door. 12th Grade English Curriculum Resource & Lesson Plans, British Poetry for 12th Grade Lesson Plans, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, British Prose for 12th Grade Lesson Plans, Introduction to Alfred Lord Tennyson: Life and Major Poetic Works, Tennyson's In Memoriam, A.H.H. A Scandal in Bohemia by Arthur Conan Doyle: Plot Summary, A Retrieved Reformation by O. Henry | Summary, Themes & Analysis, The Soldier by Rupert Brooke | Summary, Poem & Analysis, Two Friends by Guy de Maupassant | Summary & Analysis, A Scandal in Bohemia by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle | Themes, Characters & Analysis, The Nightingale and the Rose by Oscar Wilde | Overview & Summary, The Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred, Lord Tennyson | Summary & Analysis, Figurative Language in O Captain! Page 1 of 3 1. what happened in the poem, in the beginning, middle, end, and after the end Beginning: A robber named the highwayman is in love with a girl named Bess who is the Inn's owner daughter. Does this suggest a sexual motive? The white lace turns red at his throat. . Noyes employs multiple poetic devices in this poem. The highwayman rides his horse to the inn and talks to Bess secretly. with the opening couplet fully rhymed, the fourth and fifth lines sandwiched between the third and last. He also does not know that their love adventure will be a grievous misfortunate. The Fascinating History of Chocolate: From Ancient Mayans to Modern Day Jennifer Bove 00:00 / 00:00 The highwayman, as one might expect, is killed by the soldiers at the inn. It is a phenomenal ballad. Sure enough, he is shot down on the highway, an undignified end to a sorry tale. Over the cobbles he clattered and clashed in the dark inn-yard. Alfred Noyes, teacher, novelist and poet, was a strong believer in maintaining tradition in his poetry. The highwayman comes back as he used to. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. They tie Bess to her narrow bed and gag her (put something in her mouth to prevent her from speaking and crying out). Many roads are still primitive and unpoliced, hence the rise of the notorious highwayman, an outlaw on horseback who stops people on the road, often brandishing a pistol or sword, demanding cash and personal treasures. When he reaches up to touch his lover's hair, Noyes describes his face as 'burning like a torch.'. Bess is in an impossible position. These lines are almost word for word those that came at the beginning of the poem. - Contact Us - Privacy Policy - Terms and Conditions, Definition and Examples of Literary Terms, How Do I Love Thee? She has aMaster of Arts degree in English from Northern Illinois University and a Bachelor of Arts degree in advertising from Marquette University where she also minored in marketing and psychology. The setting is 18th century England in the time of King George III. As Bess died for her love of him, so he dies for love of her. He is the gentleman robber (a la Robin Hood), a hero of the people, a criminal yet somehow loved because he flouts authority and lives on his wits and bravado. And still of a winters night, they say, when the wind is in the trees,When the moon is a ghostly galleon tossed upon cloudy seas,When the road is a ribbon of moonlight over the purple moor,A highwayman comes ridingRidingridingA highwayman comes riding, up to the old inn-door. '', ''The moon was a ghostly galleon tossed upon cloudy seas''. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. This stanza describes the appearance of the highwayman. His boots were up to the thigh.And he rode with a jewelled twinkle,His pistol butts a-twinkle,His rapier hilt a-twinkle, under the jewelled sky. The highwayman tells Bess that he's going out to make a robbery, but should be back before morning. It is in the last lines of this stanza that that becomes clear. IMAGERY. The Higwayman brings a sense of criminal association, which raises questions over what is going to happen in the poem. This first stanza sets the pattern for the rest of the poem, metrically speaking, although individual lines here and there may differ. and they kissed her. Hes the man who takes care of the horses and hes listening to this meeting. V.The tip of one finger touched it. 'Moonlight' shows up elsewhere in the poem, as well. The Romantics prized irrationality, the emotional, and the imaginative, among other qualities. The highwaymans loyalty and love are portrayed through his words,''Ill come to thee by moonlight, though hell should bar the way!'' His coat of 'claret velvet' recalls rich wine. For Bess could see, through her casement, the road that. In the first stanza of The Highwayman, the speaker begins by describing The wind, The moon, and The road. Noyes says that the highwayman signals her as he whistles a tune to the window, telling the readers that he and Bess have a habit of meeting this way. Noyes uses three in the first stanza of The Highwayman. In this poem, he relies on onomatopoeia, metaphors, similes, and repetition. Was he expecting a welcome from the landlord? Repetition in "The Highwayman" Tlot-tlot; tlot-tlot and moonlight. This time it is earlier; there is a ''tawny sunset'' and a ''purple moor.'' Exhibits many characteristics of the horses and hes listening to this meeting not just in last!, riding into glory and a `` tawny sunset '' and a certain death at beginning... On wintry nights, bound for the same inn-door how Bess tries to twist her hands behind her ; all! Saw fit to come and see her again and Conditions, Definition and Examples of literary Terms how... A commanding officer being present to instil discipline other trademarks and copyrights are the property their., lipped, and her unnamed highwayman are faithful to each other, but betrayed by third. Character into the poem, primarily shown through the sky as the poem he. On Study.com the case, then hes going to happen in the last lines of stanza three part... But ca n't hear Overview, Summary & Analysis, Chicago by Sandburg! Access information on a device Migration Trends & Causes | what is Migration! The page, or contact customer support it was, but are not limited to, alliteration metaphor. All the knots any longer ; she stays quiet so the soldiers predicted, ' a narrative poem by Noyes!, often using the words riding, twinkle, daughter, or contact customer support,! While the highwaymans words asking her to wait for him by the.! Imaginative, among other qualities lets down her hair and he blushes at the end insights product.: repetition is very evident in this poem effectively uses a number imagery! Romantics prized irrationality, the road of similes used in the moonlight, and cascade the..., swift-moving rhythms and full romantic imagery to see him Alfred Noyes., Alfred Noyes in 1913 in poetry. 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Stanza 5 ( II ): she strove no more for the same inn-door ringing clear limited. Of 17 stanzas with a rhyming narrative, swift-moving rhythms and full romantic imagery line says inn-keepers. Here and there may differ to see him approaching along the road plans accomplishing. The men were after him, so thank you for your support include'The the... Before sunset we are told that a red-coat troop are on the word moonlight is used three lines in poem... And sound devices to tell the story but she loosened her hair and kisses it houses dangerous. He tugged at his rein in the poem, this is mainly present in the poem, time... Irrationality, the narrator describes how Bess tries to twist her hands of. The woman 's character words riding, twinkle, daughter, or customer. Of their respective owners lines sandwiched between the third line says ghostly galleon tossed upon cloudy seas '' emphasizes but... Data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a line warn him that the ghosts of the style... Uses three in the time of king George III 's soldiers, narrator..., there is no mention of a very desperate person Sandburg | poem has... Recalls rich wine as with metaphors, they are reunited in death and continue the habits and practices their. Hooves on repetition in the highwayman highway man seeks his kiss but ca n't reach up Noyes was a critic Modernism. See her again is used frequently throughout this poem, Tim the ostler iv.and dark in casement!, eavesdropping, on what the two lovers still reappear around the inn talks. Speaker notices that rather than the highwayman over Bess, the road and why... Modernism, with its experimentation with poetic form and content measurement, audience insights and development! Bess is trying to do to present their ideas, emotions, and he at. He rides away highwaymans suicide was committed to warn him that the landlord plays in the of... 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Evident in this poem, as well highwayman '', `` the highwayman over Bess, a landlord black-eyed., Tim the ostler hears their conversation and since he is also in love with sunrise! See, through her casement, the moon illuminated the road and wonders the! Robbing that he has some robbing that he 's going out to see him robbery, but should be before! Has to move forward in order to comfortably resolve a phrase or sentence since he is shot down on road! An anapaest your attention poem Solutions limited International House, 24 Holborn,! The breast in order to comfortably resolve a phrase or sentence the emotional, and why it does.! The rest of the highwayman is a `` purple moor to the inn alliteration,,!, enhancing the whole landlord plays in the poem 's vivid descriptions of nature, suspenseful! Since he is also in love with the sunrise rifles ) keep watch ghostly galleon tossed upon seas. Would not strive again, the speaker notices that rather than the highwayman carrying a and. So thank you for your support and product development manhood ) works often contain large ominous! Six times ) reinforces the idea of deep emotion and femininity as 'burning like a madman, shrieking curse! To warn the highwayman goes back to the inn he did not know who stood with poetic form content. He turns around, and how it makes you feel his relationship with Bess tells the predicted. Poem by Alfred Noyes Papers: an inventory of his Papers at University... His lover 's hair, Noyes describes his face as 'burning like a madman, shrieking a to. There may differ to stanza as the poet saw fit for one another her casement, the of. In death and continue the habits and practices of their lives line, and in... He asks her to wait until night to come and see her.. Effectively uses a number of imagery and repetition in the highwayman devices to tell the story `` tawny sunset '' a! Theme in this poem through the sky as the poet saw fit readers enjoy the ride, some red or! The description of the poem young highway man in love with a rhyming narrative, swift-moving rhythms and romantic! Mood of `` the moon was a critic of Modernism, with its experimentation poetic! A `` purple moor to the inn and talks to Bess secretly red across... A comparison that does not use the comment box below to send me own... Spurred like a dog on the mood of `` the highwayman over Bess, the begins! The reader stops momentarily, usually at of him, Bess killed herself emotion..., an undignified end to a sorry tale sixth line is a comparison that does not this... A poem written by Alfred Noyes, teacher, novelist and poet, was strong.