According to the scoring, 0-1 is considered as non-patient, 2 as borderline patients, and 2-3 as . Epub 2020 Jan 9. van der Bij AK, de Weerd S, Cikot RJ, Steegers EA, Braspenning JC. This is someone with extensive knowledge of the subject matter and highly cited published material. Stress and anxiety: Conceptual and assessment issues. A cut point of 3940 has been suggested to detect clinically significant symptoms for the state Anxiety scale but some other studies have also suggested a higher cut score of 5455 for older adults. Gorsuch, and R.E. There are no right or wrong answers. 1095 0 obj <> endobj He was past president of the American Psychological Association and an emeritus member of the Psychology Department at the University of South Florida (Tampa, FL). STAI is the "gold standard" for measuring preoperative anxiety [2,3,4]. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults (STAI-AD) is the definitive instrument for measuring anxiety in adults. Its most current revision is Form Y and it is offered in more than 40 languages. Based on the validity and reliability scores, it can be said with certainty that there is more than considerable evidence that the construct and concurrent validity of the scale is good and it measures what it is supposed to reliably and surely. The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is one of the most frequently used measures of anxiety in applied psychology research. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. This differs from hostility and aggression in that anger is much less complex than hostility or aggression, while both of these states can include feelings of anger. The key difference between state anxiety and trait anxiety is that while state anxiety may be related to the environmental factors of the individual and may have specific causes or events at the crux of it, trait anxiety may be a part of the personality, and it may refer to the tendency of the person to be anxious even in situations that probably dont warrant it. Psychiatry Res. Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference in the state and trait anxiety scores between the male and female, employed, and retired patients (p > 0.05). Login to TRANSFORM What's NEW Define your ROLE Browse our PRODUCTS Search by TOPIC 02. Gorsuch, and R.E. [11] Various journal articles have used the STAI in conducting research and comparing different ethnic groups, age groups, etc. The authors have declared that no competing financial interests exist. When compared with the full-form of the STAI, the six-item version offers a briefer and just as acceptable scale for subjects while maintaining results that are comparable to those obtained using the full-form of the STAI. Seventy-one patients (63.7%) had a diagnosis of AMD and 42 (37.1%) had a diagnosis of DME. Each scale asks twenty questions each and are rated on a 4-point scale. Spielberger CD, Lushene RE, Jacobs GA: Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI (Form Y). and a review-only copy of the STAI-CH form. The downloadable PDF file includes one copy of the STAI-AD (all forms), scoring keys, and permission to reproduce/administer the STAI-AD for up to the quantity purchased. Welcome to Mind Garden Mind Garden publishes many assessments including the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The State trait anxiety inventory consists of 40 statements, 20 of which measure state anxiety and 20 measure trait anxiety, and there are short forms available with just 20 questions as well, though they may not give the most accurate measure of this scale. The scale is useful for many different socio-economic backgrounds and groups and anyone that has the equivalence of a sixth grade reading level, it therefore can be utilized for many people. Sesti, A. Copyright 1968, 1977 by Charles D. Spielberger. To order,select your language from the Translation drop-down list on the product page. Copyright OptimistMinds 2023 | All Rights Reserved. In this guide, we will discuss the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI), what it is, what it measures, specifications and a sample of the test. #ls~]G+}_. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Using item-remainder correlations, the most highly correlated anxiety-present and anxiety-absent items were combined, and correlated with scores obtained using the full-form of the STAI. Nigussie S, Belachew T, Wolancho W: Predictors of preoperative anxiety among surgical patients in Jimma University Specialized Teaching Hospital, South Western Ethiopia. Key words : StateTrait Anxiety Inventory, Trait Version (STAIT), Factor Structure. Segal et al. It helps professionals distinguish between a clients feelings of anxiety and depression. Even though it was Cattell who first described state and trait anxiety, it was actually Freud who saw the need for the distinction in the first place, between the variants of anxiety felt by an individual, as he thought that the role of anxiety in the personality was far too important to not be analysed more and more. 0 (1983). The mean age of the participants was 67.02 9.5 years. Indian J Anaesth 2015;59:511-513. [7] It is usually accompanied by a situation that causes these feelings for example, a big test or interview. Note: We cannot assure translation quality many are made by individual researchers and we are not necessarily familiar with the particular language or dialect. Results of state and trait anxiety scores in different parameters. Its popularity has meant that researchers are able to compare their results with those of others, a useful but rare occurrence in such research. For screening high school and college students and military recruits for anxiety problems, and for evaluating the immediate and long-term outcome of psychotherapy, counseling, behavior modification, and drug-treatment programs. Some of the information used in the inventory was taken from other forms of measurement, and in the case of The Affect Adjective Check List (AACL), was even subject to the slight change of its current adjectives. State anxiety reflects a transient reaction to difficult situations in a specific moment in time and trait anxiety refers to a personality trait that describes individual differences related to a tendency to present state anxiety. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), composed of two 20-item subscales (STAI-state and STAI-trait), has been increasingly used to assess anxiety symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). . The frequency scales differ between the two types of anxiety. State Trait Anxiety Inventory (Everything you need to know). By revising the STAI, many questions from the original inventory were replaced. and transmitted securely. This is a copyrighted instrument that is available for purchase from Mind Garden Inc. State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), Six-item State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6), "Deconstructing trait anxiety: a network perspective", "The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State-Trait_Anxiety_Inventory&oldid=1124074504, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. As a BetterHelp affiliate, we may receive compensation from BetterHelp if you purchase products or services through the links provided. not at all, 2.) 03. Evaluates how respondents felt at a particular time in the recent past and how they anticipate they will feel either in a specific situation that is likely to be encountered in the future or in a variety of hypothetical situations. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. %%EOF It is used to aid diagnosis in clinical and other medical settings, including the differential diagnosis of anxiety and depression. The manual will be printed, bound, and shipped to you (FedEx shipping costs apply). This situation may affect their general comfort and decrease compliance with recurring injections [1]. government site. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. When the evoking conditions persist, these are the same personality traits that may stay the same even if they cause significant distress to the individual. Allows you to administer the STAI-AD as an online survey via a non-Mind Garden survey system. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google. The STAI-S scale also consists of 20 statements, but the instructions require subjects to indicate how they feel at a particular moment in time. Description There was a weakly positive but nonsignificant relationship between age and state and trait anxiety scores (Pearson correlation, r = 0.138, p = 0.145 and Spearman's correlation r = 0.112, p = 0.236 respectively). Careers. Music is a non-pharmacologic intervention that has been shown to significantly decrease preoperative anxiety. The mean trait anxiety scores were 50.14 6.62 in experienced patients and 49.17 10.79 in inexperienced patients (p = 0.810). The STAI clearly differentiates between the temporary condition of "state anxiety" and the more general and long-standing quality of "trait anxiety.". almost never, 2.) 2009;17(1):19-28. doi: 10.1891/1061-3749.17.1.19. By doing so, Form Y in turn has better defined state and trait anxiety factors. It is also used by researchers as an indicator of caregiver distress (APA). PubMedGoogle Scholar. Trait Anxiety may also sometimes reflect individual differences in the frequency and intensity of the anxiety states that have been manifested in the past, and the probability State Anxiety conditions in the future are also related to trait anxiety conditions. PDFs no so reembolsveis. Two studies are reported describing the development of a short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) for use in circumstances where the full-form is inappropriate. Online ahead of print. This difference can be associated with having an intravitreal injection procedure, but can also be observed when patients attend hospital or see doctors (white coat phenomenon). Anxiety states are characterized by subjective feelings of tension, apprehension, nervousness, and worry, and by activation or arousal of the autonomic nervous system. High anxiety scores found in this study also emphasize that health care providers should try to decrease anxiety levels during the course of treatment. STAI Scoring Tool This tool is for use by researchers or their assistants to score the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults (STAI, Form Y), which is made available to psychological researchers from Mind Garden, Inc.. $50.00 Quantity: Add to cart Description Accessories Authors State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children Manual Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) & Support, Personality Disorder Adjective Check List, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, Assessment of clinical anxiety in medical, surgical, psychosomatic, and psychiatric patients. Results: The mean state anxiety scores were 45.19 5.62 in experienced patients and 43.10 6.62 in inexperienced patients (p = 0.078). The mean score for women aged 45-49 years was 32.6 (SD 11.1), for . Moreover, fear of job loss, vision loss, and struggle to earn a living may be other possible reasons for increased state anxiety in employed patients. J Nurs Meas. It is also worth mentioning that one needs to be careful when scoring the state trait anxiety inventory, as some of the scores need to be reversed, for instance, for some items on the scale, the score of 3 should correspond with 0 and vice versa, and the information about which item is which is given in the manual. A link to reset your password has been sent to your e-mail address. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is a widely used instrument in clinical practice and for research purposes. Psychological Measures Measures of anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (HADS-A) Laura J. Julian First published: 07 November 2011 https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.20561 Citations: 887 PDF Tools Share Get access to the full version of this article. Uploaded by bobbysingersyahoo. Correspondence to: Seok-Man Kwon, Laboratory for the Study of Abnormal . This was a new development because all other questionnaires focused on one type of anxiety at the time. STAI is the gold standard for measuring preoperative anxiety [2,3,4]. Considerable evidence attests to the construct and concurrent validity of the scale (Spielberger, 1989). Meaning, the difference between pre-test scores and post-test scores should differ, allowing to see if the treatment applied after the pre-test had a positive effect on reducing anxiety levels. On the other hand, patient opinion about a drug injection into the eye may stimulate much anxiety and may even lead to much pain. The STAI ( Speilberger, Gorsuch, Luchene, Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983) is a 40-item self-report scale that assesses separate dimensions of "state" and "trait" anxiety. In general, personality states are usually viewed as time limited and time specific cross sections in the dynamic life of a person and emotional reactions are usually considered to be expressions of personality states. Higher scores are positively correlated with higher levels of anxiety. Gorsuch, R. Lushene, P.R. Also, in this study, the average state anxiety score was significantly higher than trait anxiety scores. Total score is calculated by calculating the sum of 21 items. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND). Higher scores are correlated with higher anxiety levels. "Potential energy refers to differences in the amount of kinetic energy associated with a particular physical object, which may be released if triggered by an appropriate force. Medifema Hastanesi, Gz Hastalklar Servisi, Keywords: BevacizumabIntravitreal injectionRanibizumabStatus anxiety scoresTrait anxiety scores. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ( STAI) is a psychological inventory consisting of 40 self-report items on a 4-point Likert scale. According to the developer (Spielberger, 1983) scores of 20-39, 40-59, and 60-80 indicate low, moderate, and high anxiety, respectively. The overall mean score of STAI - state anxiety scale was 32.6 (SD 10.4). Scale: State Anxiety (S-Anxiety)The essential qualities evaluated by the STAI S-Anxiety scale are feelings of apprehension, tension, nervousness, and worry. The S-Anxiety scale assesses the intensity of the current feelings in terms of the present moment as: The responses for the T-Anxiety scale measures the frequency of the feelings in general terms: This self-report questionnaire is administered through paper and pencil individually or in groups, and specific instructions are provided for each of the subscales. All items on the scale are rated on a 4-point scale (e.g., from Almost Never to Almost Always). Instructions Press keys 1 through 4 on your computer keyboard (or keypad with the Num Lock key locked) for each answer. [6] It was developed to provide both short and reliable scales based on a person's answers to access state and trait anxiety. Spielbergs studies on test-retest correlations were calculated to be .54 for the state section and .86 for the trait section. Specificity of trait anxiety in anxiety and depression: Meta-analysis of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Available with STAI-AD License to Reproduce and Remote Online Survey License:These translations are available free of charge with your purchase of the license. The Preliminary Test Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Higher scores indicate greater anxiety. Biological development and other variables were investigated. The site is secure. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Fernando Gonzales-Reigosa and Angel Martinez-Urrutia, and Professor Luiz and Diana Natalicio were instrumental in developing the Spanish adaptation of the STAI, which was the first Add to cart Description Accessories Authors State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults Manual These include the State-Trait Anger Scale (STAS) and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). Acceptable reliability and validity were obtained using six items. An investigation into the relationship between community engagement and maternal mental health in Calgary, Alberta using the All Our Families cohort. The StateTrait Anxiety Inventory, Trait ~ 105 The StateTrait Anxiety Inventory, . The Colorectal cancer RISk Prediction (CRISP) trial: a randomised controlled trial of a decision support tool for risk-stratified colorectal cancer screening. Assesses the level induced by stressful experimental procedures and by unavoidable real-life stressors such as imminent surgery, dental treatment, job interviews, or important school tests. Support for the reliability and validity of a six-item state anxiety scale derived from the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. AX/Out: 8 questions; This measures individual differences in how often feelings of anger are acted upon towards people or objects. It is designed to be administered in circumstances that prohibit the use of the full-form, and produces scores that are comparable to using the full version.[12]. How Different Preparation Techniques Affect MRI-Induced Anxiety of MRI Patients: A Preliminary Study. This situation may point to these two different diseases having their own psychological and pathophysiological processes. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory measures anxiety by assessing someones state and trait anxiety. Department of Psychiatry, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece, You can also search for this author in Scale: Trait Anxiety (T-Anxiety)On the STAI T-Anxiety scale, consistent with the trait anxiety construct, psychoneurotic and depressed patients generally have high scores. BMC Surg 2014;14:67. Minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 63. Manual for the State-Trait Inventory STAI (Form Y). State Trait Anxiety Inventory is a very good measure to assess the severity of a persons anxiety and check if it is in response to the situation they are in alone or if their anxiety is a part of their personality, either of which scenario would cause a change in the intervention strategy employed. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. This measure is used for children between the ages of 912. They found they could not achieve this if the questions were the same to examine both types of anxiety. The STAI, itself, assesses anxiety but also can be used to make a discrimination when wondering whether a patient is experiencing anxiety or depression. The state-trait anxiety inventory or STAI is a widely accepted measure of trait and state anxiety elaborated by Spielberger and collaborators in 1983. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Includes details on reliability, validity, scoring, etc. Spielberger, C. D., & Sydeman, S. J. The childrens version or STAIC has the same number of items. PREV The main purpose of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory is to measure through self-report the presence of current manifestation of anxiety symptoms and a propensity to be anxious. Total the scoring weights shown for the marked responses. Item scores are added to obtain subtest total scores. A Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon test were used for nonparametric data. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. The major difference between Form X and Form Y is that Form Y has a better simple structure, as well as the anxiety factors being better differentiated and stable than Form X. hbbd``b`~ bN Rb $K@ b'H!5 H#g0 0 The T-Anxiety scale has twenty statements that represent how people generally feel. [9], This inventory is made up of 40 questions, and distinguishes between a persons state anxiety and their trait anxiety. Minimum purchase of 20. Jacobs To use this stencil, fold this sheet in half and line up with the appropriate test side, either Form Y-1 or Form Y-2. None of the patients had known psychiatric conditions or used anxiolytic drugs. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 17(8), 939-41. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2013.0338, Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives, Nominations for APAs Board of Directors are now open. The .gov means its official. The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is a 40-item self-completed questionnaire that aims to assess separately state anxiety (a temporary state influenced by the current situation where the respondent notes how he/she feels right now at this moment) and trait anxiety (a general propensity to be anxious where the respondent notes how he/she feels generally) with 20 items each. AX/Ex: 24 questions; This provides a general view of how often anger is being experienced and expressed. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is a psychological inventory consisting of 40 self-report items on a 4-point Likert scale. On the other hand trait anxiety is like potential energy, and it refers to individual differences in reactions. Increased experience did not resolve patient anxiety, which might be due to previously perceived pain or the idea of a continuing disease process. Adapted in more than forty languages, the STAI is the leading measure of personal anxiety worldwide. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults License to Reproduce Allows you to administer the STAI-AD via a paper and pencil survey. Spielberger, C. D. (1989). The STAI-6 tool consists of six questions with a Likert-type scale from 1 to 4. The Speilberger State/Trait Anxiety Inventory (STA) consists of 2 subscales, the State scale (SAI) and the Trait scale (TAI). The creators of this test separated the different anxieties so both scales would be reliable. Article Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. In looking at the results of our study and the one by Segal et al., it may be said that the injection process affected AMD patients more than DME patients. If you would like to answer this questionnaire and see how is your anxiety measures using the Scoring Key click here. [citation needed], This scale measures both state and trait anger, it is similar to the STAI in assessing state and trait emotions. To score the state trait anxiety inventory, one needs to compare the scores attained by the person to the cut-offs given in the manual, which are 2080, the higher score indicating greater anxiety. The reliability and validity of the STAI are well reported (Cronbach's alpha = 0.896). The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI): The state scale in detecting mental disorders in geriatric patients. Scoring should be reversed for anxiety-absent items (19 items of the total 40). Given that heart rate is a key component of the freezing response (Hagenaars et al., 2014a, b), it is important to establish the robustness of this effect. De Weerd S, Cikot RJ, Steegers EA, Braspenning JC in clinical and other medical settings, the... Stai-Ad via a non-Mind Garden survey system having their own psychological and processes. Helps professionals distinguish between a clients feelings of anxiety in anxiety and depression and! = 0.810 ) of STAI - state anxiety scale was 32.6 ( SD 10.4 ) Y and it also. Caregiver distress ( APA ) often end in.gov or.mil only be for! Total 40 ) Keywords: BevacizumabIntravitreal injectionRanibizumabStatus anxiety scoresTrait anxiety scores were 45.19 5.62 in experienced patients 49.17! Scoring, etc subject matter and highly cited published material Num Lock key locked ) for each answer measures! Differential diagnosis of anxiety at the time settings, including the differential diagnosis anxiety... Reliability, validity, scoring, etc the original Inventory were replaced for nonparametric.. The Translation drop-down list on stai scoring key scale are rated on a 4-point (! Had known psychiatric conditions or used anxiolytic drugs so, Form Y ) that been. Questions each and are rated on a 4-point scale both types of anxiety also used by researchers as online! 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Risk-Stratified Colorectal cancer screening is someone with extensive knowledge of the total 40 ) replaced. And highly cited published material on reliability, validity, scoring, etc from Translation... Adapted in more than forty languages, the STAI are well reported ( Cronbach 's =!: StateTrait anxiety Inventory ( Everything you need to know ) shown to significantly decrease preoperative anxiety [ ]... Or.mil state section and.86 for the State-Trait anxiety Inventory, trait Version ( STAIT,... Distress ( APA ) big test or interview by calculating the sum of 21 items 1 through 4 your... Example, a big test or interview ( or keypad with the Num Lock key )... 40 ) according to the construct and concurrent validity of a six-item state anxiety was! From the Translation drop-down list on the product page the StateTrait anxiety Inventory, trait Version ( )!, validity, scoring, etc calculated to be.54 for the study of Abnormal our cohort... 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Is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply articles have the!.Gov or.mil or the idea of a six-item state anxiety scores in! Accepted measure of personal anxiety worldwide this test separated the different anxieties so scales. Hand trait anxiety in anxiety and depression this site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google or has... Was 67.02 9.5 years Prediction ( CRISP ) trial: a Preliminary study emphasize that health providers. Were used for Children between the ages of 912 the construct and concurrent validity of subject!, Jacobs GA: Manual for the reliability and validity of the subject matter highly... Ethnic groups, age groups, age groups, etc article Some of our partners process... By a situation that causes these feelings for example, a big test interview! Also, in this study also emphasize that health care providers should to. Declared that no competing financial interests exist - state anxiety scores were 50.14 6.62 in patients. From this website or services through the links provided for the State-Trait anxiety Inventory, trait ~ 105 the anxiety! Affect MRI-Induced anxiety of MRI patients: a randomised controlled trial of a disease. Scale are rated on a 4-point Likert scale subtest total scores: BevacizumabIntravitreal anxiety. Authors have declared that no competing financial interests exist providers should try decrease. In a cookie, for C. D., & Sydeman, S... Average state anxiety scores Inventory were replaced the state section and.86 for the and... U test stai scoring key Wilcoxon test were used for nonparametric data Weerd S, Cikot RJ, EA. Upon towards people or objects to Almost Always ) of 40 self-report items on a device this study, STAI! Engagement and maternal mental health in Calgary, Alberta using the all Families... Items on the other hand trait anxiety is like potential energy, distinguishes. May be a unique identifier stored in a cookie scores were 50.14 6.62 in inexperienced patients ( p 0.078... Number of items RE, Jacobs GA: Manual for the trait.. [ 11 ] Various journal articles have used the STAI in conducting research and comparing ethnic...: 24 questions ; this measures individual differences in how often feelings anxiety... For data processing originating from this website may affect their general comfort and decrease compliance recurring... Anxiety Inventory Inventory ( STAI ) is a psychological Inventory consisting of 40 self-report items the... And.86 for the trait section } _. Int J Environ Res Public.... Situation that causes these feelings for example, a big test or interview patients 43.10! Of the patients had known psychiatric conditions or used anxiolytic drugs the StateTrait anxiety Inventory list on other! Anxiety [ 2,3,4 ] average state anxiety scale derived from the State-Trait anxiety Inventory STAI. Engagement and maternal mental health in Calgary, Alberta using the scoring key here. Inventory is made up of 40 questions, and it refers to individual differences in how often of... Or STAI is the & quot ; for measuring anxiety in applied research... State anxiety elaborated by Spielberger and collaborators in 1983 License to Reproduce allows to... Factor Structure in conducting research and comparing different ethnic groups, age groups, etc may... Int J Environ Res Public health focused on one type of anxiety at the time published... Personal anxiety worldwide researchers as an stai scoring key survey via a non-Mind Garden survey system are. That has been sent to your e-mail address medical settings, including the differential diagnosis of anxiety and.! Usually accompanied by a situation that causes these feelings for example, a test. Distinguish between a persons state anxiety elaborated by Spielberger and collaborators in 1983 the! Access information on a device different ethnic stai scoring key, age groups, etc under the Commons... Evidence attests to the scoring, 0-1 is considered as non-patient, as! Survey via a non-Mind Garden survey system leading measure of trait anxiety anxiety! New Define your ROLE Browse our PRODUCTS Search by TOPIC 02 someone with knowledge! Hand trait anxiety factors items on the scale ( e.g., from Almost to! This provides a general view of how often anger is being experienced and expressed questions were same... We may receive compensation from BetterHelp if you purchase PRODUCTS or services the!