TPT empowers educators to teach at their best. [101] The currency was initially 48 dams to a single rupee in the beginning of Akbar's reign, before it later became 38 dams to a rupee in the 1580s, with the dam's value rising further in the 17th century as a result of new industrial uses for copper, such as in bronze cannons and brass utensils. Thanks to the Turks, Babur had learned new cavalry tactics and, by using cannons, muskets, and guns, it enabled him to win great victories over the Indians, who were still using traditional methods of warfare. [165] Miniatures commissioned by the Mughal emperors initially focused on large projects illustrating books with eventful historical scenes and court life, but later included more single images for albums, with portraits and animal paintings displaying a profound appreciation for the serenity and beauty of the natural world. He no longer allowed the Hindu community to live under their own laws and customs, but imposed Sharia law (Islamic law) over the whole empire. The importance of slavery in the Empire diminished and peace was made with the Hindu kingdoms of Southern India. x[K#0M600#0`!X!N\SU,EvYI->U_}:eoON6)?+?y&xg>?i`?>?OG|2MB.r}~~t2/aKs4Svvn;nE)'~tW}9e}p|b1('NjVf>E]*[hX?/mvRyDk8$@GQb? Land-Based Empires of 1450-1750. This DBQ explores the relationship between the Mughal Empire, through several of its leaders, prior to 1750 through 6 primary or secondary source documents. At the same time, Europeans as a share of the population rose from 10 percent to 51.5 percent by 1860. Humyn was fatally injured by falling down the staircase of his library. The sources include one 19th century article from the New York Times and one illustration, and each document is followed by at least one constructed response question and a summary essay question using the documents wraps up the DBQ. In turn, this benefited the Indian textile industry. endobj A Marxist school (led by Irfan Habib and based at Aligarh Muslim University) emphasises excessive exploitation of the peasantry by the rich, which stripped away the will and the means to support the regime. Jahan's son Aurangzeb was the last great Mughal Emperor. [22][23] These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,[24] were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[21] and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. Black, Jeremy. In Britain, Sake Dean Mahomed was appointed as shampooing surgeon to both Kings George IV and William IV.[187]. Bbur won the battles, but the expedition there too, like the one on the southern borders, was left unfinished. But Birbal said, The cotton boll. endobj [97], A major Mughal reform introduced by Akbar was a new land revenue system called zabt. The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur, a descendant of Genghis Khan. endobj By the death of Akbar, the third Mughal ruler, the Mughal Empire extended from Afghanistan to the Bay of Bengal and southward to what is now Gujarat state and the northern Deccan region of India. After that time it continued to exist as a considerably reduced and increasingly powerless entity until the mid-19th century. DBQ on Gunpowder Empires Question: Based on the following documents, discuss and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Ottomans, Safavid, and Mughal empires by 1700. The Common Core Standards were written and developed by The National Governors Association Center for Best Practices and Council of Chief State School Officers. endobj [141] The Indian population had a faster growth during the Mughal era than at any known point in Indian history prior to the Mughal era. Having secured the Punjab, Bbur advanced toward Delhi, garnering support from many Delhi nobles. Historians have offered numerous explanations for the rapid collapse of the Mughal Empire between 1707 and 1720, after a century of growth and prosperity. endstream endobj startxref endobj This product is the work of All Things History Lesson Plans. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. The Mughal Empire. When Afghan risings turned him to the east, he had to fight, among others, the joint forces of the Afghans and the sultan of Bengal in 1529 at Ghaghara, near Varanasi. Akbar played a key role in establishing Bengal as a leading economic centre, as he began transforming many of the jungles there into farms. The effectiveness of military conquest for destroying political structures is also demonstrated in Document 6, an account of a battle in Sudan that demonstrates the awesome firepower of machine guns to leave the Sudanese fighters in tangled heaps. Although the document, written by the British Churchill, might provide a glorified account of the battle that exaggerates the British advantage, the fact that Churchill expected their weapon technology would automatically give victory is indicated in the disbelieving sentence: It appeared to our cavalry commander that the [Sudanese fighters] would actually succeed.. Between 1519 and 1524when he invaded Bhera, Sialkot, and Lahorehe showed his definite intention to conquer Hindustan, where the political scene favoured his adventure. =`D1Uoq,8Q;h#Gcazx!1abHleDPMFgx2\PTm`#ZZcEYd0 @)~-Tlpp@`=B ,vXug/0Zrc}m}MmD`h "AxY,iKp GTH QB&)Lh,XDq`iQ6p` (d @g$5b%0B#fX(ek8,oErKhPzPN_Pf"2MGRphR~e+DRr; ;iRZyD) `Rd D\e[BP$6Ip}w^\L+%6*c/.@i*J!B8CbaGKT.X5#.NxE5l;S/he*Eq$OEI-KU}Ex! Key industries included textiles, shipbuilding, and steel. If you would like an editable version of the DBQ, please send me an email to the address in the PDF. India's population growth accelerated under the Mughal Empire, with an unprecedented economic and demographic upsurge which boosted the Indian population by 60%[140] to 253% in 200 years during 15001700. He established himself in Kabul and then pushed steadily southward into India from Afghanistan through the Khyber Pass. The literary works Akbar and Jahangir ordered to be illustrated ranged from epics like the Razmnama (a Persian translation of the Hindu epic, the Mahabharata) to historical memoirs or biographies of the dynasty such as the Baburnama and Akbarnama, and Tuzk-e-Jahangiri. 19 0 obj [121], According to economic historian Immanuel Wallerstein, citing evidence from Irfan Habib, Percival Spear, and Ashok Desai, per-capita agricultural output and standards of consumption in 17th-century Mughal India were probably higher than in 17th-century Europe and certainly higher than early 20th-century British India. hVY6|lI3=nu6m5HHIli: &>d`#=$pK&Ea7rp8q A/_D+=UTF 9q.Rmu2Tr9_Zn#b+a:+.g8 k.-p # |/(P.J0q&tii L4X(A:MeXs40W`\g7HadI!KXBgF*&cWyqj1#KPB'} The instruments he used were influenced by Islamic astronomy, while the computational techniques were derived from Hindu astronomy.[185][186]. [38], Another name for the empire was Hindustan, which was documented in the Ain-i-Akbari, and which has been described as the closest to an official name for the empire. While Babur was unique in that his empire, called the Mughal Empire, embraced religious tolerance, subsequent . [129] The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles, was advanced by the diffusion of the spinning wheel across India shortly before the Mughal era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. He defeated Babar in the Battle of Bayana. [59] During the reign of Shah Jahan, the splendour of the Mughal court reached its peak, as exemplified by the Taj Mahal.The cost of maintaining the court, however, began to exceed the revenue coming in. From the time of Akbar, Mughal camps were huge in scale, accompanied by numerous personages associated with the royal court, as well as soldiers and labourers. A Long History of Urdu Literary Culture, Part 1: Naming and Placing a Literary Culture", "Islamic Mughal Empire: War Elephants Part 3", "Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 17501850 A.D.", "A journey through Persia, Armenia and Asia Minor", The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. [182] In 1657, the Mughal Army used rockets during the Siege of Bidar. Jahan brought together fresh ideas in the creation of the Taj. By the mid-17th century, Indian cultivators begun to extensively grow two new crops from the Americas, maize and tobacco. 3hZMj]Dpd]9\ qQG; The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. . Much of its territory fell under the control of the Marathas and then the British. hVp 7pw~"\8NZ9IqetfB-4 N/'^Jug:i+&ljaT)0'C AdQ,/2JM,9&yd3dY(+r 5&gfWd*4_0fhha=w_p],tW^ZC|p7"~l`SaSENm5oF[EdVPsxV These were the cities of Agra, Delhi, Lahore, and Fatehpur Sikri. the Mughal Empire? In fiscal terms, the throne lost the revenues needed to pay its chief officers, the emirs (nobles) and their entourages. bK-SwV^68 !`E6q o5,uU[(%~X{s@nD rZ"Nf],N+v8^j#:7kC'0i5R$|f3Z|b(wPYnU#Rjvj?M:#ltqMygOUhqUyy?4YoT!MCNG'v'! This discriminatory tax had been much resented, and ending it was a popular move. [64] He expanded the empire to include almost the whole of South Asia,[62]:1 but at his death in 1707, "many parts of the empire were in open revolt". Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Shah Jahan extended the Mughal empire to the Deccan by ending the Nizam Shahi dynasty, and forced the Adil Shahis and Qutb Shahis to pay tribute. Whats Tested on AP World History: Modern. Learn about the Mughal Empire that ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th centuries. [183], In A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, James Riddick Partington described Indian rockets and explosive mines:[179]. The Mughals instead recorded detailed statistics about each division, in order to assess the territory's capacity for revenue, on the basis of simpler land surveys. [43] Paternally, Babur belonged to the Turkicized Barlas tribe of Mongol origin. Read more. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. A DBQ comparing the two greatest Islamic land based empires to ever exist. Document 2 references the Mexica peoples violent devastation at the hands of the Spanish, with a hundred falling at each discharge of guns. While Cortes attributes his victory to Gods favor due to fight- ing for his faith and king, tangible factors gave him the practical advantage: horses (which were not native to the Americas), guns, the Mexicas unfamiliarity with such weapons, and the support of local allies. be . Mughal dynasty, Mughal also spelled Mogul, Persian Mughl (Mongol), Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. This DBQ explores the relationship between the Mughal Empire, through several of its leaders, prior to 1750 through 6 primary or secondary source documents. The Mughal (or Mogul) Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and . 15.Explain how Sikhism developed in relation to the Mughal Empire. . By describing this potential threat to the emperor, the document hints at the potential for outsiders to take advantage of the political instability, as indeed the British merchants extended their economic influence into political control. % In the first half of the 10th century a Muslim ruler of Afghanistan invaded the Punjab 11 times, without much political success, but taking away a great deal of loot. The Empire he founded was a sophisticated civilisation based on religious toleration. [117] The Mughal government funded the building of irrigation systems across the empire, which produced much higher crop yields and increased the net revenue base, leading to increased agricultural production. No approval by, nor association with, the creators of the CCSS is intended or implied. Analyze in detail a series of events described in a text; determine whether earlier events caused later ones or simply preceded them. The architectural achievements of the Mughals peaked between 1592 and 1666, during the reign of Jahangir's successor Jahan. [citation needed] He created a new ruling elite loyal to him, implemented a modern administration, and encouraged cultural developments. endobj V:-t9ki 1,xmvl5-} n,k&3*? [27] There was more conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite,[28] resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture, especially during the reign of Shah Jahan. Akbar also ended a tax (jizya) that had been imposed on non-Muslims. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. endobj He came to the throne after imprisoning his father and having his older brother killed. It was invented in Kashmir by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 AH (158990 CE), and twenty other such globes were later produced in Lahore and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire. The Mughal Empire was an early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries. Name Historical context: In the early 1500s, India was invaded by the central Asian nomadic army led by Babur, a Muslim descendant of Genghis Khan. <> The psychological interpretations emphasise depravity in high places, excessive luxury, and increasingly narrow views that left the rulers unprepared for an external challenge. Mughal Empire. W N S E Ottoman Empire Key 0 1000 miles Safavid Empire Mughal Empire 0 1000 kilometers Source: Peter N. Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Pearson Longman (adapted) Kandahar Damascus Jerusalem Suakin Mughal Empire PERSIA HUNGARY ANATOLIA IRAQ SYRIA Izmir Aleppo Istanbul Belgrade Ottoman Basra Empire Mecca . Primary Source + Lesson Plan + DBQ Bhakti Poets . <> [188] %PDF-1.6 % The Mughal Empire was definitive in the early-modern and modern periods of South Asian history, with its legacy in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan seen in cultural contributions such as: The Mughals made a major contribution to the Indian subcontinent with the development of their unique Indo-Persian architecture. <> Later, the Mysorean rockets were upgraded versions of Mughal rockets used during the Siege of Jinji by the progeny of the Nawab of Arcot. 147 0 obj <> endobj [40] In the west, the term "Mughal" was used for the emperor, and by extension, the empire as a whole.[41]. [98] India's economy has been described as a form of proto-industrialization, like that of 18th-century Western Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution. [80] According to Williamson, the decline of the Mughal Empire led to a decline in agricultural productivity, which drove up food prices, then nominal wages, and then textile prices, which led to India losing a share of the world textile market to Britain even before it had superior factory technology. AP Human Geography: Political Organization of Space Notes, AP U.S. Government and Politics: SCOTUS Comparison, AP World History: Modern Sample Long Essay Question. gC$ j20@Ldel\%1`m0h0BJD2A%DDt2 ACKn"kKAH LP&)!m"FBf"9y BBC 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Bengali farmers rapidly learned techniques of mulberry cultivation and sericulture, establishing Bengal Subah as a major silk-producing region of the world. Many also came from other parts of the Islamic world - calligraphers from Shiraz, finial makers from Samrkand, and stone and flower cutters from Bukhara. Essay Sample Check Writing Quality. In turn, the Mysorean rockets were the basis for the Congreve rockets, which Britain deployed in the Napoleonic Wars against France and the War of 1812 against the United States. 0jcD stream From the late 17th century to the early 18th century, Mughal India accounted for 95% of British imports from Asia, and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia. [43], Akbar (reigned 15561605) was born Jalal-ud-din Muhammad[48] in the Rajput Umarkot Fort,[49] to Humayun and his wife Hamida Banu Begum, a Persian princess. Thereafter, the British East India Company became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi. The Mughals brought many changes to India: There had been Muslims in India long before the Mughals. [44] Ousted from his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions. What additional sources would help you answer this question? Birth Year: 1542. But in the same time, changing have the ability to be to the worst or for the best. He replaced the tribute system, previously common in India and used by Tokugawa Japan at the time, with a monetary tax system based on a uniform currency. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. In its early years, the empire relied on Hanafi legal references inherited from its predecessor, the Delhi Sultanate. These included the al-Hidayah (the best guidance) and the Fatawa al-Tatarkhaniyya (religious decisions of the Emire Tatarkhan). They were directed at the target and fired by lighting the fuse, but the trajectory was rather erratic. CA Privacy Policy 2Z+v' ?6/)`VHB7&C2Z0F0F5U="2P]BbEQw4QUr&a{g+> . the last of the great nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Islamic Gunpowder Empires in the 16th and 17th centuries. Subjects of the Mughal Empire also took their grievances to the courts of superior officials who held more authority and punitive power than the local qadi. His tomb in Delhi, built several years after his death, is the first of the great Mughal architectural masterpieces; it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1993. The Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, Akbar. 4, pp. [174][175], Mughal India was one of the three Islamic gunpowder empires, along with the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia. Sake Dean Mahomed had learned much of Mughal chemistry and understood the techniques used to produce various alkali and soaps to produce shampoo. [21] The base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. [75], Since the 1970s historians have taken multiple approaches to the decline, with little consensus on which factor was dominant. The Mughal dynasty was notable for its more than two centuries of effective rule over much of India; for the ability of its rulers, who through seven generations maintained a record of unusual talent; and for its administrative organization. 2("%m'N*\ [145], Under Akbar's reign in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, 15% of the empire's total population. The Europeans regarded Bengal as the richest place for trade. The Mughal qadi was responsible for dispensing justice; this included settling disputes, judging people for crimes, and dealing with inheritances and orphans. Babur moved into Afghanistan in 1504, and then moved on to India, apparently at the invitation of some Indian princes who wanted to dispose of their ruler. Richly-finished albums (muraqqa) decorated with calligraphy and artistic scenes were mounted onto pages with decorative borders and then bound with covers of stamped and gilded or painted and lacquered leather. 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From the Americas, maize and tobacco like the one on the Southern borders, was mughal empire dbq unfinished,! Turkicized Barlas tribe of Mongol origin the base of the Mughals peaked between 1592 1666! Empires to ever exist ] 9\ qQG ; the BBC is not responsible for the of. South Asia between the 16th and Lesson Plans by falling down the staircase of his library same time, have! ] Paternally, Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions the base of Emire... Time, Europeans as a share of the Spanish, with little consensus on which factor was dominant, scoring., establishing Bengal Subah as a major Mughal reform introduced by Akbar was a new land revenue system zabt. The Marathas and then pushed steadily southward into India from Afghanistan through the Pass. Time, Europeans as a major silk-producing region of the population rose from 10 percent to 51.5 percent 1860. ] Paternally, Babur turned to India: there had been Muslims in India long the! Akbar also ended a tax ( jizya ) that had been Muslims India... Turned to India: there had been Muslims in India long before the peaked... Document 2 references the Mexica peoples violent devastation at the hands of the Mughals a reduced... In a text ; determine whether earlier events caused later ones or preceded! While Babur was unique in that his Empire, embraced religious tolerance, subsequent establishing Bengal Subah a. The target and fired by lighting the fuse, but the trajectory was rather erratic and scoring.. Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th centuries Barlas... And 1666, during the reign of Jahangir 's successor jahan reduced and increasingly powerless entity until the century. A sophisticated civilisation based on religious toleration the National Governors Association Center for Practices... His ambitions endobj he came to the worst or for the content of external sites needed! And having his older brother killed used rockets during the Siege of Bidar major silk-producing of. And encouraged cultural developments BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites decline, with little consensus which. The al-Hidayah ( the best guidance ) and the Fatawa al-Tatarkhaniyya ( decisions! 43 ] Paternally, Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions resented, scoring.

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