Discover new exercises as you progress and get engrossed in learning new concepts and improving the way you currently write. Conversely, postulating non-equivalence turns out to be false in all cases, hence a contradiction: So again, we have a little proving engine, and simpler than last time. The idea in the paper I read is to use them as names of very simple functions: Glory be to the 11 rules of man Tcl that this is already a crude though sufficient reimplementation: The bracketed expr command is evaluated first, returning 0 or 1 as result of the comparison. I added converters between characters and integers, and between strings and lists (see the dictionary below). # make a list of 2**n lists, each with n truth values 0|1, #-- And here's some more hand-crafted bytecode implementations, #-- The stack routines imply a global stack::S, for simplicity, # a bytecode will consume at most two elements, #-- make a table of bytecode stack balances, #-- "peephole optimizer" - suppress code with redundancies. and wanted to bring it to life slightly adapted to Tcl style, especially by replacing the infix operator "o" with a Polish prefix style: Unlike procs or lambdas, more like APL or RPN, this definition needs no variables it declares (from right to left) what to do with the input; the result of each step is the input for the next step (to the left of it). # now do something with db($key) - but see below! Every language has its own way of doing things. The pattern, is a kind of conditional in J, which could in Tcl be written. is used as comment indicator, both being well known Latin abbreviations: Again, the "->" argument is for eye-candy only but it feels better to me at least. Another test, inequality: Trying to call 14 (OR) with more than two args: The constant 0 result is a subtle indication that we did something wrong:). The GOTO "jumping" instruction is considered harmful in programming for many years now, but still it might be interesting to experiment with. For functional composition, where, say for two functions f and g. again a proc is created that does the bracket nesting: Why Backus used Transpose on the input, wasn't first clear to me, but as he (like we Tclers) represents a matrix as a list of rows, which are again lists (also known as vectors), it later made much sense to me. But this very soon crosses the limits of integers, giving wrong results. This silly example demonstrates member access and some string manipulation: At university, I never learned much about Turing machines. For instance, here's a breathtakingly short J program to compute the mean of a list of numbers: Only implicitly present is a powerful function combinator called "fork". Discussion: With the above code, it was possible to reproduce quite some behavior of streams as documented in SICP, not as data structures but with Tcl procs (though procs are data too, in some sense). Tcl doesn't have this mechanism built-in (and it would be hard to do it exactly the same way, because everything is a string), but a similar mechanism can easily be adopted, and it doesn't look bad in comparison: If the docstring is written in comments at the top of a proc body, it is easy to parse it out. save it to a file for printing. Tcl/Tk for Programmers: With Solved Exercises that Work with Unix and Windows Memory Exercises: Memory Exercises Unleashed: Top 12 Memory Exercises To Remember Work And Life . Rational numbers, a.k.a. TCL is shell application that reads TCL command from its standard input or from a file and gives desired results. The ebook version (PDF format) is available from Gumroad .. Core Python Programming, chapter 5 exercises number 5-3, question on this exercise. The code below also serves as usage example: }. fractions, can be thought of as pairs of integers {numerator denominator}, such that their "real" numerical value is numerator/denominator (and not in integer nor "double" division!). Called Logical AND operator. which is shorter and simpler, but meddles more directly with the stack. The process of creating a simple database consists only of setting an initial value for the ID: Let's consider a library application for an example. There are over 200 exercises with solutions for both Unix and Windows platforms. Following table shows all the logical operators supported by Tcl language. In Tcl, a sensible implementation for compact data storage would be as a list of lists. which, when called with no arguments, return 1 or 0, respectively. but my program set (nmax=30000) ends at 5-byte codes, so even by giving another test to force discovery of the real thing, it would never reach a 7-byte code. A math book showed me the Stirling approximation to n! TCL Scripting Training. OK, I bite the bullet, set nmax to 500000, wait 5 minutes for the partitioning, and then: Hm.. cheap trick again it was discovered that the solution is just the successor of the second argument. In addition to extensive program-ming work on Tcl, Clif offers Tcl/Tk training sessions with in-class exercises. It may be interesting to note that this language has truly minimal syntax the only rule is: each script ("word") composed of any number of bytecodes is well-formed. The "runtime engine" is just called "r" (not to be confused with the R language), and it boils down to a three-way switch done for each word, in eleven lines of code: Joy's rich quoting for types ([list], {set}, "string", 'char) conflict with the Tcl parser, so lists in "r" are {braced} if their length isn't 1, and (parenthesized) if it is but the word shall not be evaluated now. For the 1000 programs with Goedel numbers 1..1000, it retains only a fraction for each stack balance: Simple starter discover the successor function (add one): Not bad: duplicate the number twice, divide by itself to get the constant 1, and add that to the original number. #-- Highlight the head position on the tape. In TOOT, the values of objects are represented as a list of length 3: the class name (so much for "runtime type information":-), a "|" as separator and indicator, and the values of the object, e.g. What's missing is the capability to randomly address parts of a stream, as is possible in Scheme (and of course their claim to do without assignment, or mutable data) Tcl lists just don't follow LISP's CAR/CDR model (though KBK demonstrated in Tcl and LISP that this structure can be emulated, also with procs), but rather C's flat *TclObject[] style. 4. Newbie Tcl/Tk exercises. This idea may have been first brought up in Functional programming (Backus 1977), if not in Forth and Joy, and it's an interesting simplification compared to the lambda calculus. J's "from" operator { takes zero or more elements from a list, possibly repeatedly. Testing early and often is a virtue, as is documentation to make the following code snippets clearer, I tuned my little tester for better looks, so that the test cases in the source code also serve as well readable examples they look like comments but are code! They're great practice and fun to do! Factorial (n!) $ wish ex1proc.tcl. Chapters 5-8 introduce more commands and techniques and Formally, what happened to the bracketed call is that it went through "applicative order" evaluation (i.e., do it now), while the braced commands wait for "normal order" evaluation (i.e., do when needed, maybe never the need is expressed through eval/upvar or similar commands). #--Another famous toy example, reading a file's contents: #--where Backus' selector (named just as integer) is here: #-- We need multiplication from expr exposed as a function: #-- And finally, iota is an integer range generator: #----- The dictionary has all one-liners: #------------------------ The test suite: #-- reading (varname $) and setting (varname set) global Tcl vars. Tcl 8.5 Network Programming (2010) , by Kocjan and Beltowski, is targeted towards building network-aware applications using Tcl and includes coverage of many Tcl libraries and extensions. For Tcl, there have been several OO extensions/frameworks (incr Tcl, XOTcl, stooop, Snit to name a few) in different flavors, but none can be considered as standard followed by a majority of users. It was first created by John Osterhout in 1989. Also, memory limits on modern computers are somewhere up high so only at some time in the future you might have (but maybe not want) to change to a complex database;-). The cute name "e.g." See all Tcl exercises Get started with the Tcl track The best part, it's 100% free for everyone. The following scripts are plain Tcl, they don't use the Tk GUI toolkit (there's a separate chapter for those). It was created by John Osterhout in 1988. (I might have called it fun as well it sure is.) For instance, reading a file in one go: can be simplified, without need for the data variable, to: This is in some ways similar to LISP's PROG1 construct: evaluate the contained expressions, and return the result of the first one. Say you want to make a multiplication table for an elementary school kid near you. Introduction to the Tcl 3 Language The next ve chapters constitute a Tcl language tutorial. Get better at programming through fun, rewarding coding exercises that test your understanding of concepts with Exercism. of your code and Procedures in Tcl cover what other languages call procedures, subroutines, or functions. In a very radical simplification, a whole world is built up by two operators, juxtaposition without visible symbol (which could be likened to or) and a overbar-hook (with the meaning of not) that I can't type here it's a horizontal stroke over zero or more operands, continued at right by a vertical stroke going down to the baseline. 5. converting Java app to Tcl/Tk ( new thread for all the tcl/tk itcl gurus) 6. So an "assembler" program in this plaything will run even slower than in pure Tcl, and consume more memory while normally you associate speed and conciseness with "real" assembler code. The language is commonly used for rapid prototyping, scripted applications, GUIs, and testing. I rather wanted to explore some of these concepts and how to use them in Tcl, so that in slightly more verbose words I could code (and call). This way, a stream can promise to be a potentially endless source of data, while taking only finite time to process and deliver what's really wanted. and let's discuss it. with automatic analysis In truly brute force, up to half a million programs are automatically written and (a suitable subset of them) tested to find the one that passes the tests. Tcl is a powerful scripting language that runs under Unix, Linux, VMS, DOS/Windows, OS/2, and MacOS (at least). Assume variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0, then . Functions in Tcl are typically written with the proc command. Here's typical set operations. Like in real life, test cases have to be carefully chosen. Stack (list) and Command array are global variables: Definitions are in Forth style ":" as initial word, as they look much more compact than Joy's DEFINE n == args; expr functionality is exposed for binary operators and one-arg functions: The J programming language is the "blessed successor" to APL, where "every function is an infix or prefix operator", x?y (dyadic) or ?y (monadic), for ? More experiments to discover the hypot() function: Hm the 3 is duplicated, divided by itself (=1), which is added to 4. They can be more precise than any "float" or "double" numbers on computers, as those can't exactly represent any fractions whose denominator isn't a power of 2 consider 13 which can not at any precision be exactly represented as floating-point number to base 2, nor as decimal fraction (base 10), even if bignum. Another example is this integer range generator (starts from 1, and is inclusive, so [iota1 5] == {1 2 3 4 5}): "NAND is not AND." TCL scripting is much sought after skill set for every VLSI engineer. Filters may be characterized as "selectors" (who may return only part of their input, like "grep") and/or "appliers" who call a command on their input and return the result. For this we need to introduce a short-term memory also in the filter: which, tested on a n-element stream, returns n-1 averages: Yet another challenge was to produce an infinite stream of pairs {i j} of positive integers, i <= j, ordered by their sum, so that more pairs produces consecutively. The purpose of developing this language is easy embedded inti ( ) applications. Another idea from SICP is a "smoothing" function, that averages each pair of values from the input stream. Note that with this mapping, all valid programs (bytecode sequences) correspond to one unique non-negative integer, and longer programs have higher integers associated: Now out for discovery! They are for instance the building blocks of relational databases and spreadsheets. and the experimental alpha version 8.1/8.1. The extending code what is prepended to the previous unknown body. and returns the result of calling that form: Now to use it (I admit the code is no easy reading): Testing: we define a "struct" named foo, with two obvious members: Modify part of the foo, and assign it to another variale: Struct-specific methods can be just procs in the right namespace. Discover new exercises as you progress and get engrossed in learning new concepts and improving the way you currently write. In other words, a tautology. giving the correct result 2.5. {AND, OR, NOT} resp. Genres Programming. Just choose how to implement instance variables: The task of frameworks, be they written in Tcl or C, is just to hide away gorey details of the implementation in other words, sugar it:) On the other hand, one understands a clockwork best when it's outside the clock, and all parts are visible so to get a good understanding of OO, it might be most instructive to look at a simple implementation. I started with Backus' first Functional Program example. Retrieving fields that may not physically exist needs a tolerant access function: In a classical database we have to define tables: which fields of what type and of which width. Once you've solved an exercise, submit it to our volunteer team, and they'll give you hints, ideas, and feedback on how to make it feel more like what you'd normally see in Tcl - they'll help you discover the things you don't know that you don't know. Tcl/Tk for Programmers introduces high-level Tcl/Tk scripting language to experienced programmers with either Unix or Windows backgrounds. Rules in this little challenge are of the form a bcD e, where, Here's my naive implementation, which takes the tape just as the string it initially is. As versatile as good old grep Persistence: Databases are supposed to exist between sessions, so here's how to save a database to a file: and loading a database is even easier (on re-loading, better unset the array before): If you use characters outside your system encoding (no problem to write Japanese book titles in Kanji), you'll have to fconfigure (e.g -encoding utf-8) on saving and loading, but that's just a few more LOC. to make it understand and do things that before raised an error, the easiest way is to write a proc. 7. A nice table also has a header line, that specifies the field names. 122 exercises to help you write better code. The following code was created in the Tcl chatroom, instigated by the quote: "A computer is a state machine. Tcl is no different. In addition, for all procs, even without docstring, you get the "signature" (proc name and arguments with defaults). Adding "records" to the table is as easy as. If they don't, we have found a fact that isn't dependent on the variable's value, and the resulting constant is returned, otherwise the unsolved expression: with a helper function in that reports containment of an element in a list: which means, in expr terms, {(!$a || $a) == 1}, for all values of a. For this, we reformat the expression to a list of values of type x or !x, that is in turn dumped into a local array for existence checking. Tcl was developed initially for Unix. However, it fails to work if we add the successor of 0 as another test case: Nothing coming because zero division made the last test fail. Bit vectors can also be used to indicate set membership (set operations would run faster if processing 32 bits on one go with bitwise operators (&, |, ~, ^)) or pixels in a binary imary image, where each row could be implemented by a bitvector. The following example code opens a file, configures it to binary translation (i.e. If both the operands are non-zero, then condition becomes true. Such process chains can be emulated in Tcl with the following rules: A stream is modelled here as a procedure that returns one stream item on each call. All of Boole's algebra can be expressed in this calculus: We can test it with the classic "ex contradictione quodlibet" (ECQ) example "if p and not p, then q" for any q: So formally, q is true, whatever it is:) If this sounds overly theoretic, here's a tricky practical example in puzzle solving, Lewis Carroll's last sorites (pp. A range (numeric or strings) can be given as from..to, and the associated scriptlet gets executed if the tested value lies inside that range. Here we can do what we want, even retrieve which fields we have used so far (using a temporary array to keep track of field names): Searching for records that meet a certain condition can be done sequentially. The book includes a short introduction to TCP/IP, as well as longer introductions to writing client . This page was last edited on 16 April 2020, at 06:44. Though slick at first sight, we actually have to type more. For instance, if the test has two inputs and wants one output, the stack balance is -1 (one less out than in). This means that subsequent calls to know stack up, last condition being tried first, so if you have several conditions that fire on the same input, let them be "known" from generic to specific. All Exercises 122 Completed 0 In Progress 0 Available 122 Locked 0 Hello World Tutorial Exercise The classical introductory exercise. ACM 21.8, Aug. 1978, 613-641), he developed an amazing framework for functional programming, from theoretical foundations to implementation hints, e.g. ;-): And beyond industry-standard SQL, we can search multiple indices in one query: gives you all (case-independent) occurrences of MARK, be it in patron's names, book's authors or titles. An alternative solution could involve recursion (if you can follow this, youre advanced! Mathematically put. And three nested calls to vec are sufficient to produce the divisors list:). Tcl 8.5 has the {*} construct to undo one-level of list packing (discussed on the Confluence page). The toplevel proc takes a paired list of inputs and expected output. Tcl's lists are well suited to represent sets. The entire syntax of Tcl is described in just 12 rules. through functions that take a table and return a table. We have Boolean operators in expr, so here goes: The only unary operator NOT can be written in terms of nand: .. and everything else can be built from them too: Here's some testing tools to see whether an implementation is correct, look at its truth table, here done as the four results for A,B combinations 0,0 0,1 1,0 1,1 side note: observe how easily functions can be passed in as arguments: To see how efficient the implementation is (in terms of NAND units used), try this, which relies on the fact that Boolean functions contain no lowercase letters apart from the operator names: As a very different idea, having nothing to do with NAND as elementary function, the following generic code "implements" Boolean functions very intuitively, by just giving their truth table for look-up at runtime: Cryptarithms are puzzles where digits are represented by letters, and the task is to find out which. Saving also goes a good way to what is ceremonially called "committing" (you'll need write-locking for multi-user systems), while loading (without saving before) might be called a "one-level rollback", where you want to discard your latest changes. For clearer code, it is advisable to factor out frequent operations into procs, e.g. Especially constants (like "true" and "false" in Boolean algebras) can be equally well expressed as neutral elements of operators, if these are considered variadic, and having zero arguments. in static variables (here implemented with the fancy remember proc) examples are intgen that delivers ever increasing integers, or gets $fp where the file pointer advances at each call, so potentially all lines of the file are returned over time. The Tcl track on Exercism has 100% free. Its combination of text processing, file manipulation and system control features make it ideal for this purpose. An important functional form is the conditional, which at Backus looks like. These 20 syntax will definitely help you lot to start and improve your tcl scripting a lot. Exercise 1 - Tcl procedure. Streams in general should not be written in brackets (then the Tcl parser would eagerly evaluate them before evaluating the command), but braced, and stream consumers eval the stream at their discretion. Ah, the joys of weekend Tcl'ing and belatedly, Happy Birthday, John! Here are some Tcl codelets to demonstrate how all Boolean operations can be expressed in terms of the single NAND operator, which returns true if not both his two inputs are true (NOR would have done equally well). To extend Tcl, i.e. * Edit and save ex1proc.tcl using the dosum proc and accompanying Tcl/Tk code from Tcl Syntax (procedures) Run ex1proc.tcl. Running a Tcl/Tk applet within a Tcl/Tk program. It tries in brute force all programs up to the specified maximum Goedel number and returns the first one that complies with all tests: But iterating over many words is still pretty slow, at least on my 200 MHz box, and many useless "programs" are tried. The know command is called with a condition that should result in an integer when given to expr, and a body that will be executed if cond results in nonzero, returning the last result if not terminated with an explicit return. Implementation is as a "little-endian" list of integers, where bits 0..31 are in the first list element, 32..63 in the second, etc. The following script. Join Exercisms Tcl Track for access to Here's our recommended free books that'll help you master Tcl. In Spencer-Brown's terms, [] (which is "", the empty string with no arguments) is false ("nil" in LISP), and [<>] is the negation of "", i.e. When two operands occur together, the "hook" pattern is implied, which might in Tcl be written as: As KBK pointed out in the Tcl chatroom, the "hook" pattern corresponds to Schnfinkel/Curry's S combinator (see Hot Curry and Combinator Engine), while "fork" is called S' there. Transparent OO for Tcl, or TOOT for short, is a very amazing combination of Tcl's concept of transparent values, and the power of OO concepts. As we've seen that x is true for any x, we can cancel out such tautologies. Don't take this as a fundamental critique of Tcl, though its underlying model is far more simple and elegant than LISP's (what with "special forms", "reader macros"), and yet powerful enough to do just about everything possible which is sort of a mathematical thriller, if you will. Single bytecodes are executed, only to measure their effect on the stack. The book includes a short introduction to TCP/IP, as well as longer introductions to writing client . The "machine" itself takes a list of alternating labels and state code; if a state code does not end in a goto or break, the same state will be repeated as long as not left, with goto or break (implicit endless loop). The task is to conclude something from the following premises: These are encoded to the following one-letter predicates: So the problem set can be restated, in Spencer-Brown's terms, as. The set of all defined bytecodes will be the alphabet of this little RPN language. Tcl/Tk for Programmers is an introduction to the high-level Tcl/Tk scripting language for experienced programmers with either Unix or Windows background. Tcl supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented . Tcl (Tool Command Language) is a very powerful but easy to learn dynamic programming language, suitable for a very wide range of uses, including web and desktop applications, networking, administration, testing and many more. Here's a routine that returns the numeric indices of all set bits in a bit vector: Sieve of Erastothenes: The following procedure exercises the bit vector functions by letting bits represent integers, and unsetting all that are divisible. First lmap is a collecting foreach it maps the specified body over a list: The following generic wrapper takes one binary operator (could be any suitable function) and two arguments, which may be scalars, vectors, or even matrices (lists of lists), as it recurses as often as needed. If we give only this test, another solution is found: "Take x to the x-th" power" pow(0,0) gives indeed 1, but that's not the generic successor function. But we can also multiply out the 1s with the divisors from the i ndex vector: So 6 is divisible by 2 and 3; non-zero elements in (lrange $divisors 1 end-1) gives the "proper" divisors. In an RPN language, the example might look like this: which has the advantage that execution goes from left to right, but requires some stack awareness (and some swaps to set the stack right;^), Implementing Def, I took an easy route by just creating a proc that adds an argument and leaves it to the "functional" to do the right thing (with some quoting heaven:-) }. This video covers the basics that you need to start writing scripts with Tool Command Language (TCL or Tickle).Following topics are explained with simple exa. Tcl is a popular and widely used cross-platform script programming language that achieves significant productivity gains when used by skilled engineers. The size of partitions is further reduced by excluding programs which contain redundant code, that will have no effect, like swapping the stack twice, or swapping before an addition or multiplication. For easier handling, it's a good idea to classify records somehow (we'll want to store more than books), so we add. Tcl/Tk for Programmers: With Solved Exercises that Work with Unix and Windows | Wiley Wiley : Individuals Shop Books Search By Subject Browse Textbooks Courseware WileyPLUS Knewton Alta zyBooks Test Prep (View All) CPA Review Courses CFA Program Courses CMA Exam Courses CMT Review Courses Brands And Imprints (View All) Dummies JK Lasser Tcl/Tk 8.5 Programming Cookbook (2011) , by Bert Wheeler, provides over 100 recipes to effectively use Tcl/Tk 8.5. For example, in. In Europe and elsewhere, the most widely used paper format is called A4. , respectively exercises that test your understanding of concepts with Exercism get in... 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From Tcl syntax ( procedures ) Run ex1proc.tcl it to binary translation ( i.e the stack list packing ( on!, but meddles more directly with the proc command three nested calls to vec are sufficient to produce divisors. Giving wrong results the Tcl 3 language the next ve chapters constitute a Tcl language ''. `` a computer is a `` smoothing '' function, that specifies the names... The head position on the Confluence page ) proc and accompanying Tcl/Tk code from Tcl syntax procedures! Elementary school kid near you Clif offers Tcl/Tk training sessions with in-class exercises available from..! For Programmers introduces high-level Tcl/Tk scripting language to experienced Programmers with either Unix or Windows backgrounds widely cross-platform!, at 06:44 program-ming work on Tcl, Clif offers Tcl/Tk training sessions in-class., instigated by the quote: `` a computer is a `` smoothing '' function, that each. On the tape usage example: } soon crosses the limits of integers, and strings. Most widely used cross-platform script programming language that achieves significant productivity gains used! 0, respectively and widely used cross-platform script programming language that achieves significant productivity gains when used skilled... Building blocks of relational databases and spreadsheets member access and some string manipulation: at university, i never much., the most widely used paper format is called A4 and lists ( see the dictionary )... Way of doing things and system control features make it ideal for this purpose fun, rewarding coding exercises test! Those ) last edited on 16 April 2020, at 06:44 string manipulation: at university, i never much...: `` a computer is a kind of conditional in J, which at Backus looks.... Approximation to n cover what other languages call procedures tcl programming exercises subroutines, or functions writing client life test! * Edit and save ex1proc.tcl using the dosum proc and accompanying Tcl/Tk code from Tcl syntax procedures! And integers, giving wrong results the toplevel proc takes a paired list of inputs and output! Great practice and fun to do experienced Programmers with either Unix or background... Over 200 exercises with solutions for both Unix and Windows platforms, a sensible implementation compact! In Tcl be written and testing to be carefully chosen operations into procs, e.g code what is to... Of weekend Tcl'ing and belatedly, Happy Birthday, John when used skilled. Of Tcl is described in just 12 rules, a sensible implementation compact. Is easy embedded inti ( ) applications created in the tcl programming exercises 3 the! Operator { takes zero or more elements from a file, configures it binary. Tcl/Tk for Programmers introduces high-level Tcl/Tk scripting language for experienced Programmers with either Unix or background.

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