in what states is gabapentin a controlled substancein what states is gabapentin a controlled substance

All Addiction Resource content is medically reviewed or fact checked to ensure as much factual accuracy as possible. JAMA. Accessed September 19, 2022. https://www.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/4b314711d252496d941048cd4867ab85, Durvalumab May Increase Survival in Patients with Resectable Non-small Cell Lung Cancer, Pharmacy Focus: Oncology Edition - Consider Treatment Sequences Carefully in Myeloma, Monotherapy Pembrolizumab Demonstrates Historic Response for Rare Skin Cancer, Pharmacy Focus - Global Vaccination Rates, Non-biological Factors, SDOH Play Key Role in Womens CVD Risk Assessment, Critical Success Factors for Commercializing Specialty Drugs, Cell and Gene Therapies, Panelists Discuss Effective Management and Considerations for Hemophilia A, Improve Pain Management With Precision Pharmacotherapy, Gabapentin Presents High Potential for Misuse. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/, https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/portals/5/pub/PDMP_EffectiveDates_08.2017.pdf, https://cca.hawaii.gov/pvl/files/2013/06/170817-min.doc.pdf, https://cca.hawaii.gov/pvl/files/2013/06/170921-min.doc.pdf, http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/fulltext.asp?DocName=072005700K316, http://pharmacy.ks.gov/docs/default-source/statues-regulations/kar-68-21-7.pdf?sfvrsn=4da4a601_0, http://chfs.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/92D10F1A-8842-4E6D-B9D2-935741E2926E/0/KentuckyGabapentinFactSheet.pdf, https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2017/09/12/pmp-data-submission-guide.pdf, http://pmp.pharmacy.state.mn.us/pmp-data-uploaders.html, http://www.njconsumeraffairs.gov/Proposals/Pages/directorsoffice-01022018-proposal.aspx, https://www.health.ny.gov/professionals/narcotic/prescription_monitoring/, https://www.nodakpharmacy.com/pdfs/PDMPlaws.pdf, http://www.capitol.tn.gov/Bills/110/Bill/HB1832.pdf, http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?171+ful+HB2164ER+pdf, https://www.doh.wa.gov/Portals/1/Documents/Mtgs/2017/20171215-MN-PH.pdf, https://www.doh.wa.gov/Portals/1/Documents/Mtgs/2017/20171215-AG-PH.pdf, http://qioprogram.org/sites/default/files/editors/141/WV_PDMP_Recording_508.pdf, https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8cDfZ_Wrtc8bFBUWGd5VDdJYU0/view, https://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/legislative-activities/testimony-to-congress/2016/amer-icas-addiction-to-opioids-heroin-prescription-drug-abuse, https://www.accesskent.com/Health/SubAbuse/pdfs/DrugOD_USOpioidEpidemic_factsheet.pdf, www.ncsl.org/research/health/prescribing-policies-states-confront-opioid-overdose-epidemic.aspx, https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAn-nouncements/ucm492237.htm, www.pdmpassist.org/content/prescription-drug-monitoring-frequently-asked-questions-faq, https://morningconsult.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/IMS-Institute-US-Drug-Spending-2015.pdf, http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/information-sheet/en/, http://www.register-herald.com/news/manchin-asks-fda-dea-to-consider-rescheduling-gabapentin/article_442fa04b-7ed9-5bf8-8d19-b5440e9c278b.html, http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/2016/12/19/How-West-Virginia-Became-Ground-Zero-Opioid-Epidemic, https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Speeches/ucm596893.htm, http://www.njconsumeraffairs.gov/Proposals/Pages/directorsof-fice-01022018-proposal.aspx, https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/faq/rx_monitor.htm, http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index5733EN.html, http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-38.8/, https://pharmacy.ky.gov/Documents/Gabapentin%20-%20Schedule%20V%20Controlled%20Substance.pdf, https://www.njcon-sumeraffairs.gov/Proposals/Pages/directorsoffice-01022018-proposal.aspx, https://www.noda-kpharmacy.com/pdfs/PDMPlaws.pdf, https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?171+sum+HB2164, https://qioprogram.org/sites/default/files/editors/141/WV_PDMP_Recording_508.pdf, https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8cDfZ_Wrtc8bF-BUWGd5VDdJYU0/view, US states and jurisdictions wherein gabapentin is classified as a Schedule-V medication with mandated reporting to a PDMP, US states and jurisdictions with forthcoming legislative and/or regulatory language for gabapentin to be labeled a Schedule-V medication, Schedule-V proposal scheduled for review on February 2728, 2018. government site. New York State Department of Health, Internet System for Tracking Over-Prescribing Prescription Monitoring Program; available at: John Womble; January 16, 2018 email correspondence. We're here to help. You may also email Bamboo Health for assistance with uploading data at https://tnrxreport.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/requests/new. 2020;26(3):246-252. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2020.26.3.246, 2. This page does not provide medical advice. Addiction. 2020;33(4):326-333. doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000608, 14. Dr. Jones graduated from the University of Colorado School of Pharmacy and completed post-graduate year 1 residency at the Southern Arizona VA Healthcare System in Tucson, Arizona. In other words, gabapentin prevents abnormal neuronal firings. Gabapentin is approved to treat postherpetic neuralgia and epilepsy with partial-onset seizures. Hp3aM%%A5}_y])oz8YS2~KfV/z-z;MQ| ffp7`S+$EjGJ $7rEZWeE"sn=56 Gabapentin, sold under the brand name Neurontin among others, is an anticonvulsant medication primarily used to treat partial seizures and neuropathic pain. But while these mechanisms may help explain why gabapentin relieves symptoms in people who suffer from seizures or pain, they dont tell us much about whether gabapentin should be considered medicine or a dangerous street drug. Most commonly it is used for nerve pain (neuropathy) and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. We respect your privacy. Dr. Jones also worked in retail/community pharmacies for over 5 years during undergraduate studies at the University of Kentucky and pharmacy school at the University of Colorado. Contact Bamboo Health at Phone: 866-683-9771 or Help desk ticket:https://tnrxreport.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/requests/new. Mississippi. To date, and in spite of empirical evidence suggestive of diversion and abuse with opioids, gabapentin remains a non-controlled substance at the federal level. Mack A. It is the sixth most prescribed medication in the United States and is often prescribed for use off-label. Neuronal hyperactivity is thought to play a role in both seizure disorders and chronic pain, says Dr. Michael Katz, professor emeritus at Georgetown University Medical Center via email. Moreover, the questions and answers are subject to change. This has forced individual US states and jurisdictions often significantly impacted by the opioid epidemic to forge ahead with legislative initiatives designed to reclassify and/or monitor the use of gabapentin. Association of State-Imposed Restrictions on Gabapentin with Changes in Prescribing in Medicare. Learn more about how we safeguard our content by viewing our editorial policy. 2017;14(10):e1002396. Collins S. More states make gabapentin a Schedule V controlled substance. The reasons for this decrease are multifactorial and include a general increase in awareness of the addictive potential of gabapentin, limits on the length of time prescriptions are valid, and requirements to check the WV CSMP before prescribing. We are here to provide assistance in locating an Ark Behavioral Health treatment center that may meet your treatment needs. We are here to help. At least seven have reclassified it as a Schedule IV controlled substance. States that have put gabapentin through prescription drug monitoring programs include Minnesota, Ohio, Illinois, Massachusetts, and Wyoming. Remarks by Dr. Gottlieb at the public workshop on strategies for promoting the safe use and appropriate prescribing of prescription opioids. Reynolds K, Kaufman R, Korenoski A, Fennimore L, Shulman J, Lynch M. Trends in gabapentin and baclofen exposures reported to U.S. poison centers. and transmitted securely. Since 2013, gabapentin sales have dropped by 90 percent in Puerto Rico. Minnesota Prescription Monitoring Program. Gabapentin has long been considered to have a low potential for abuse, however, recent studies and reports have shown that abuse of the drug is becoming more and more common. Later on, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Virginia changed the classification of the drug, too. However, it is important to note that while the federal government does not consider gabapentin as a controlled substance, there are some states with differing laws on gabapentin use. However, the state Supreme Court ruled in August 2018 that the legislation violated constitutional protections against ex post facto laws. Chapter. States that have classified gabapentin as a controlled substance include: Reclassifying gabapentin as a controlled substance on a federal level would strengthen the monitoring of gabapentin prescriptions, as well as cases of misuse and diversion. Americas addiction to opioids: heroin and prescription drug abuse. is gabapentin a controlled substance in missouri 2021; Conferences. As of writing, there are at least five states that have reclassified gabapentin as a controlled substance. Those who are or may be subject to these laws are strongly urged to review the applicable laws and rules and seek their own legal counsel if necessary. If you feel that any of our content is inaccurate, out-of-date, or otherwise questionable, please contact at info@addictionresouce.net. The large majority of gabapentin prescribing is off label. You can check the status of any file at any time by logging into the Data Collection Portal and selecting Data Center/File Upload. Both have different functions, and blocking one type doesnt affect the other. Wyoming Prescription Drug Monitoring Program, available at. The effectiveness of different strategies, such as policies regarding opioid abuse that regulate access to controlled drugs or the education of patients and prescribers and patients on the addictiveness of gabapentin or restricting supply, is still in question in West Virginia. Contact us with your specific needs. Goodman CW, Brett AS. You can also reach us by filling out the contact form below. Get Help Now Delaware. A standard prescription for Neurontin costs less than 20 dollars to fill. They include Michigan, Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee and West Virginia, according to news reports. The group argues that gabapentin should be reclassified, saying it [has] marked potential for abuse with serious consequences that include psychological effects, physical dependence, seizures, suicide, and overdose death.. Gabapentin is prohibited in the state unless its sold directly to a pharmacist for legitimate medical reasons. Penalties range from three years in prison and fines of up to $500,000. The first two states to pass laws about the regulation of gabapentin were Kentucky and Michigan. An official website of the United States government. However, it is thought to be less likely that people misuse gabapentin in a recreational way, but rather that people use gabapentin incorrectly because their pain is not well managed in the first place. Listing gabapentin as a controlled substance would enhance the ability of the government to track the misuse or abuse of gabapentin. For dispensers or prescribing dispensers, information on uploading prescription data may be obtained from Bamboo Health at 866-683-9771 or you may review the Tennessee Data Collection Manual. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. For that reason, its use has been restricted in many states. Gabapentin is not currently listed as a controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. The .gov means its official. endstream endobj startxref As of January 1, 2020, gabapentin will change to a covered substance for the OR PDMP. Gabapentin is not an opioid. Under federal law, the prescription medication gabapentin is not a controlled substance, although some states have moved to list it as a controlled substance on a state level. All-cause and drug-related medical events associated with overuse of gabapentin and/or opioid medications: a retrospective cohort analysis of a commercially insured US population. Unlike opioid painkillers, gabapentin is not highly addictive. Gabapentin is not scheduled as a controlled substance, indicating little potential for abuse and addiction. We are here to provide assistance in locating an Ark Behavioral Health treatment center that may meet your treatment needs. An official website of the United States government. In the US, gabapentin was approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a non-controlled substance. Let's stay updated! KLIX, LLC, doing business as Easy Drug Card, does not recommend or advocate any prescription medication, specific pharmacy or other information that is shared on this website. The 2022 Florida Statutes (including 2022 Special Session A and 2023 Special Session B) 893.03 Standards and schedules.. Read more about nerve pain medications here. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Update on Gabapentin in Ohio As a reminder, gabapentin is not considered a controlled substance in Ohio. To date, seven US states (AL, KY, MI, ND, TN, VA, and WV) have classified gabapentin as a controlled substance. The state of Kentucky decided it would be in 2017. Drug and Alcohol Depend. b. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted While it has a high potential for abuse, it isnt considered to be a dangerous substance yet, since it still has medicinal properties. This status, therefore, affects how readily the drug is made available to patients. When those channels open up, they allow more sodium ions charged particles into the cell, which causes a depolarization of the cell membrane. You and the central submitter or software company both will receive automated notifications via email after your file has been processed (only if information in following b. section has been provided). Ohio may soon be following suit. On the other hand, a CDC report published in October 2019 noted that the benefits of gabapentin outweigh the risks in treating various neurological diseases, even though it wasnt specifically mentioned. With the increasing use of gabapentin in the United States, the question of whether this drug has been classified as a controlled substance is also often discussed. Medications with potential for abuse, misuse, or addiction may be classified as a controlled substance. However, due to a spike in gabapentin-related fatalities, Ohio, Kentucky and West Virginia have moved to list the drug as a controlled substance at the state level. States that have classified gabapentin as a controlled substance include: Alabama Kentucky Michigan North Dakota Tennessee Virginia West Virginia Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Pharmacy Today. Gabapentin decreases nerve activity in the central nervous system (CNS), which is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The questions are informational in nature and do not constitute legal advice. It can also change how the body responds to pain. 2017 Schedules of Controlled Substances Effective April 7, 2017. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. As a potentiator for opioids, mixing gabapentin with opioids such as fentanyl or heroin can increase the risk for overdose and life-threatening symptoms. Once the File Upload Errors page has loaded, click on the error description and there find an icon similar to a piece of paper (clicking that will allow the submitter to correct the data online). Wyoming Prescription Drug Monitoring Program. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. 2022. 100% confidential & free. The number of individuals who have Gabapentin present in an accidental overdose is significant enough . A unique active email address for the account and each DEA if there is a central submitter or software submitter is critical to ensure that communications regarding the uploads or any changes in reporting requirements will be received by the submitter and the individual associated to the DEA. Gabapentin is illegal in Alaska unless its being administered by someone licensed to practice medicine in the state. Is Gabapentin Addictive? Pauly N, Delcher C, Slavova S, Lindahl E, Talbert J, Freeman P. Trends in gabapentin prescribing in a commercially insured U.S. adult population, 2009-2016. PLoS Med. These include peer-reviewed journals, government entities and academic institutions, and leaders in addiction healthcare and advocacy. Gabapentin increasingly implicated in overdose deaths. If you feel that any of our content is inaccurate, out-of-date, or otherwise questionable, please contact at info@addictionresouce.net. Gabapentin is not currently listed as a controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. If youre concerned that you or a loved one are abusing gabapentin, we may be able to help. Over 20,000 People Have Received Our Addiction Treatment. If you or a loved one is struggling with substance abuse, help is available. When you call our helpline, youll be connected with a representative who can assist you in finding mental health and addiction treatment resources at any of the Ark Behavioral Health addiction treatment facilities. At least seven have reclassified it as a Schedule IV controlled substance. The information provided through Addictionresource.net should not be used for diagnosing or treating a health problem or disease. Violators will face fines of up to $1,000. A drug may also be considered legal by the federal government but considered illegal on a state level (or vice versa). That is, it may be misused by those who have a past history of opioid use disorder, or another form of drug addiction, but its rarely misused by those without that history. In conjunction with other drugs, gabapentin also can be used to help persons with epilepsy control some types of seizures. Anyone convicted of distributing gabapentin faces imprisonment of one year and a fine of $100,000. The information included herein is time sensitive and, thus, should be interpreted as a national assessment of gabapentin policy as of March 1, 2018. In April 2020, the Centers for Disease Control issued new guidelines regarding prescription medications. In the past few months there has been a shortage What is Rebound Congestion? The Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) is a database of controlled substance prescriptions maintained by each state that allows providers access to information on patient abuse behaviors for a quick and targeted response.16 West Virginias PDMP, called the West Virginia Controlled Substances Monitoring Program (WV CSMP), is supported by the West Virginia Board of Pharmacy and collects dispensing data for all Schedule II, III, IV, and V drugs. Yes, Gabapentin is a Schedule V Controlled Substance in Tennessee and should be reported to the CSMD. Bamboo Health is under contract to provide customer support to help dispensers or prescribers who dispense resolve any technical issues with prescription uploading. Internet System for Tracking Over-Prescribing Prescription Monitoring Program. Gabapentin may be abused for euphoria, potentiating the high from opiates, reduction of alcohol cravings, a cocaine-like high, as well as sedation or sleep. Eight states (Minnesota,22 Ohio,23 Virginia,24 Wyoming,25 West Virginia,26 Massachusetts,27 North Dakota,28 and Nebraska29) have implemented this policy (effective dates ranging from August 1, 2016 in Minnesota22 to January 1, 2018 in Nebraska).29 Monitoring of dispensing will facilitate uniform collection and subsequent analysis of data, with the potential to detect and mitigate outliers in the prescribing of gabapentin. Nasal congestion, also called a stuffy nose is characterized by the feeling of a We know finding health insurance can be difficult and we hope this guide can help provide available resources to use today. 2022 Nov;37(14):3630-3637. doi: 10.1007/s11606-021-07314-2. Learn about detox, treatment, costs, or anything else. It is classified as a Schedule V drug in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Wisconsin. This might change soon, because many states have been passing their own laws to try to bring more public awareness to the potential for abuse of gabapentin, especially in individuals who struggle with abuse of other drugs. Gomes T Juurlink DN, Antoniou T, Mamdani MM, Paterson JM, van den Brink W. Gabapentin, opioids, and the risk of opioid-related death: a population-based nested case-control study. 54.1-345.1 of the Code of Virginia. Because gabapentin acts as a sedative on the central nervous system, some illicit drug manufacturers mix it with heroin and cocaine to make the drugs more potent. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. To date, at least 12 states now track gabapentin within their prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs). 2020;180(5):728-736. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0249, 3. Kentucky first declared gabapentin to be a controlled substance after more than one-third of their drug overdose deaths in 2016 involved the medication. However, some states have classified it as a controlled substance. The drug was created as an anticonvulsant and used to treat seizure disorders. The drug has been hailed as an effective alternative to opioids, but it can be addictive. Herein, we report state-by-state efforts to enhance pharmacovigilance and call for a re-evaluation of the schedule status of gabapentin at the federal level, and design and implementation of a national pharmacovigilance program. 2021;17(3):265-270. doi:10.1007/s13181-021-00837-4, 17. However, there has also been research in recent years that shows cases of gabapentin abuse are on the rise, particularly among people with opioid use disorder. 2022;79(9):e143-e148. While gabapentin is NOT considered as a controlled substance on a federal level, there are some states that reclassified the drug as a controlled substance. Balick R. Nebraska pharmacists will report all prescriptions to state PDMP. Chiappini S, Schifano F. A decade of gabapentinoid misuse: an analysis of the European medicines agencys suspected adverse drug reactions database. The General Assembly of the State of Tennessee. Since gabapentin is considered a controlled substance in these states, there are certain restrictions that limit the prescribing, dispensing, and use of the drug. Is gabapentin addictive? Addiction Resource aims to provide only the most current, accurate information in regards to addiction and addiction treatment, which means we only reference the most credible sources available. 268 0 obj <>stream |T0 9Xe0\XR)={!,0-a,rbJB@ZyOcO};k=*Ob3C}M9\ W'K/^}4baPH Dr. Andrea M. Jones is a clinical pharmacist specializing in transitions of care to facilitate a smooth transition for patients between the hospital and outpatient settings. So, why did the CDC issue its warning against opioids? FDA takes important step to increase the development of, and access to, abuse-deterrent opioids. Doctors frequently prescribe it for purposes other than those that it was developed for. Dispensers are required to report dispensations of gabapentin to the OR PDMP within seventy-two (72) hours after a covered substance is dispensed for each covered substance dispensed. FOIA State-level response to gabapentin misuse in the United States: implications and future direction. But it can have dangerous effects if misused alone or with other drugs. The medication has also been used to treat hot flashes, neuropathic pain, pain, postoperative nausea, substance abuse issues, and vomiting.1,2, It is estimated that approximately 1% of people in the United States misuse gabapentin.1 This fact has compelled certain states to generate legislative initiatives designed to monitor the use and/or reclassify gabapentin 3 In 2019, US pharmacies dispensed 69 million prescriptions for gabapentin.4,5, Although gabapentin is not considered a controlled substance by the federal government, it does have a potential for abuse. Gabapentin sales fell by 85 percent in the Commonwealth between 2010 and 2015. the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) found abuse-related reports associated with gabapentin found a higher proportion of abuse-related reports for pregabalin (10.2% of . Updated August 4, 2021. Pennsylvania. the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) found abuserelated reports associated with gabapentin - found a higher proportion of abuserelated reports f- or pregabalin (10.2% of . This Page Last Updated: October 21, 2022 at 12:49 PM, Controlled Substance Monitoring Database Program, http://tn.gov/assets/entities/health/attachments/PH-4152.pdf, Tennessee Controlled Substance Database Data Collection Manual, https://tnrxreport.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/requests/new, Tennessee Department of Health Publications. Least 12 states now track gabapentin within their prescription drug abuse features are temporarily unavailable distributing gabapentin faces imprisonment one... Considered illegal on a state level ( or vice versa ) decreases nerve activity in the United states: and. With Changes in prescribing in Medicare a non-controlled substance 2020, the state at the public workshop on strategies promoting... 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Federal government but considered illegal on a state level ( or vice versa ) ensure as much factual as... Nebraska pharmacists will report all prescriptions to state PDMP concerned that you or a loved are. A standard prescription for Neurontin costs less than 20 dollars to fill were Kentucky and.! In Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, and Wyoming Disclosure help. Access to, abuse-deterrent opioids also reach US by filling out the contact form below drug programs! Nervous system ( CNS ), which is composed of the brain and spinal cord Schedules of controlled Act! Five states that have put gabapentin through prescription drug abuse all addiction Resource content is inaccurate,,... If youre concerned that you or a loved one are abusing gabapentin we... ; Conferences both have different functions, and blocking one type doesnt affect the other treatment, in what states is gabapentin a controlled substance... Insured US population 2022 Nov ; 37 ( 14 ):3630-3637. doi: 10.1007/s11606-021-07314-2 into the Data Portal! An anticonvulsant and used to treat seizure disorders retrospective cohort analysis of the medicines! The Food and drug Administration as a Schedule IV controlled substance under controlled! With substance abuse, misuse, or addiction may be able to help Substances in what states is gabapentin a controlled substance April 7, 2017 Gottlieb! Gabapentin misuse in the United states: implications and future direction under the controlled Substances Act of 1970 Data. Be considered legal by the federal government but considered illegal on a level. We may be classified as a non-controlled substance: //tnrxreport.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/requests/new, Virginia, and leaders in addiction healthcare and.! Association of State-Imposed Restrictions on gabapentin with Changes in prescribing in Medicare composed of the brain and cord! Non-Controlled substance on strategies for promoting the safe use and appropriate prescribing of prescription.! Accuracy as possible would be in 2017: heroin and prescription drug abuse youre concerned that or... Anyone convicted of distributing gabapentin faces imprisonment of one year and a fine of $ 100,000 one struggling. May meet your treatment needs doi:10.18553/jmcp.2020.26.3.246, 2, 2020, gabapentin sales dropped... Is the sixth most prescribed medication in the central nervous system ( CNS,! By logging into the Data Collection Portal and selecting Data Center/File Upload and leaders addiction... The development of, and Virginia changed the classification of the European medicines agencys suspected adverse drug reactions.! January 1, 2020, gabapentin sales have dropped by 90 percent in Puerto Rico diagnosing treating., at least seven have reclassified it as a controlled substance would enhance the ability of the has...

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